[高考英语]短文改错的改错切入点
(1) 多一介词或副词① 有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词，在英语中是及物动词，可能多一个介词。如：serve for the people, follow after him, play with her in a match, marry with her, engage with her
② 有些动词可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，但搭配不同，可能混淆而多一个介词。如：join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the thief for his watch
③ 有些“动词 + 介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语时，后面的介词是多余的。如：
He looked at but could see nothing.
How are you getting on with?
④ 有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词，但接that从句时，必须去掉介词。如：agree to it, 但 agree to that...; be sure of it, 但be sure of that…; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that…
⑤ 有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词，组成了复合介词，若后面没有接宾语时，最后的介词则是多余的。如：
If you won’t go, I’ll go instead of.
He walked out of.
⑥ 有些连词后加 of 成为复合介词，如果后接从句，of 是多余的。如：Because of he was ill…
⑦ 地点副词的意义中已经包含了介词 to，如果再用 to则是多余的。如：on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home
⑧ last year, next month, this week, one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语，前面用介词是多余的。
⑨ 有些动词受汉语意思影响而多一副词，如：stop down(停下来), raise up (举起来), return back(归来，回来), repeat again (复述)
⑩ 有些动词在一种用法中要加副词，而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。如：build up our country, 但 build up railways
(2) 多一连词
① 状语从句与主句之间多一并列连词，如：though… but; because… so; the more… and the more
② 充当状语的分词与主句之间多一并列连词。如：
Sitting down and he began to work.
Regarded as the best in the class, so he was praised at the meeting.
③ 从属连词后多一 that。如：because that… since that…, unless that…
④ 复合宾语前多一 that。如：
I heard that him say it.
I found that her lying on the ground.
Some people don’t like football, but many people who do like it.
② 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。如：
I know the boy who standing there.(也可在 who 后加 is)
The man who invited to the ball last night is my friend.(也可在 who 后加was)
③ 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代，再用代词则是多余的。如：
She bought the book (that) she had first asked for it.
I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of her.
④ 用不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组，后面再用代词是多余的。如：
The tea is too hot to drink it.
He is a good comrade to work with him.
⑤ 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中，如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语，再用代词作宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。如：
This question is too difficult to answer it.
The house is nice to live in it.
⑥ 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中，加上代词作主语是多余的。如：
He took notes while he reading.
If it heated, ice turns to water.
(4) 多一助动词
① 时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时，用 will, would 是多余的。如：
If he will try hard, he will succeed.
I’ll tell them about it as soon as they will come.
② be sure 或 make sure + that 从句中用一般现在时表将来，用 will, would 是多余的。如：
I make sure that you will come early.
③ 在宾语从句中主语前的助动词是多余的。如：
Would you tell me what do you want?
④ 独立结构中的 be(助动词或连系动词)是多余的。如：
The game was over, he went home.
She smiled, tears were still running down her face.
(5) 多一冠词
① 与介词 at, in, to连用的名词 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, bed 等表示与其有关的活动时，用冠词是多余的。如：go to the school(上学), be in the prison(坐牢), be in the bed(在睡觉)
② 与 by 连用的交通工具名称和 air, land, sea 等名词前用冠词是多余的。如：by the bike, by the sea, by the train
③ 表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。如：play the / a volleyball, play the chess, play the table tennis
④ 由“专有名词 + 普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。如：the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park
⑤ 在一些固定搭配中。如：at the first, at the last, the most of us
⑥ most 作“非常”解时，前面用 the 是多余的。如：
Oh! It’s the most beautiful!
She is the most diligent.
⑦ 含有 Day 的节日前加 the 是多余的。如：the May Day, the Women’s Day, the National day, the New Year’s Day
⑧ 在“名词 + as / though…”结构中，名词前不用任何冠词。如：a child as he is / a fool as he is
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He ∧ (is) afraid of his father.
The match ∧ (is) over.
② 被动语态中缺少助动词 be，成了主动语态。如：
He has ∧ (been) asked to sing in English.
③ 完成体中缺少助动词 have，成了一般过去时。如：
We realized that we ∧ (had) lost our way.
They ∧ (have) lived here since 1980.
④ 在倒装句中缺少助动词或情态动词。如：
Hardly ∧ (had) I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
Seldom ∧ (do) I get invited into the office alone.
Only in this way ∧ (can) you learn English well.
(5) 缺一冠词
① 在 such 或 so + 形容词与单数可数名词连用时，不可缺 a (an)。如：
He is such ∧ (an) honest boy that all of us like him.
This is so good ∧ (a) book that I read it again.
② 表示“有些”时，little, few前面不可缺少 a。如：
Don’t hurry. There is ∧ (a) little time left.
③ many 前有 great, good 时，要加 a。如：∧(a) great many people.若 many 后接单数名词，中间须有 a (an)。如：Many ∧ (a) man has tried it before.
④ 一些不可数名词前，有形容词修饰表示“一种(场)等”时，要加 a (an)。如：
It’s ∧ (a) famous Chinese tea.
There was∧ (a) heavy rain last night.
⑤ 用专有名词表示“一个像(叫)……的人”时，用 a (an), 如：
He wished to be ∧ (a) Lei Feng.
∧ (A) Mr Wang called you up just now.
⑥“形容词比较级 + of the two…”前必须用 the。如：
He is ∧ (the) better one of the two.
(6) 缺小品词 to
① 不定式充当各种成分，一般都不能缺少 to。如：
She went there ∧ (to) see her mother.
He asked me not ∧ (to) go there.
I have something important ∧ (to) tell you.
② make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch 等动词变成被动语态时，充当主语补足语的不定式前的 to需还原。如：
She was made ∧ (to) do heavy work.
The blind man was seen ∧ (to) cross the street.
错一词的情况最为复杂，大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。
(1) 虚词选择错误
① 介词或副词选择错误：这种情况极为复杂，各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考：before / ago, among / between, after / in, below / under, on / above / over, across / through, except / besides, with / in(用), to / for (对于), like / as 等。
② 连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆。如：because / for(since, as), if / whether, if / unless, so as / so that, hardly … when / no sooner… than, while / when, till / until等。
③ 感叹句用词选择错误：how / what。
④ 冠词选择错误：a / an, a (an) / the。
(2) 实词词形错误
① 名词词形错误：名词的单复数形式，特别注意不规则名词的复数形式；名词的所有格，特别注意不规则复数名词的所有格，如：the children’s；名词所有格的绝对形式。如：My son is older than my elder brother’s. (from www. nmet168.com)
② 动词词形错误：不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易于混淆的词，如：lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay；hang(挂) / hang(绞死)；find / found(建立)；fall / fell(砍倒)；bear(忍受) / bear(生育)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系)；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词)；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式，必须与第 1 个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。
③ 形容词与副词词形错误：是用原级、比较级还是最高级，是加 more, most 还是加 -er, -est 构成比较级和最高级。
④ 词性选择错误：不同的词性充当不同的句子成分，要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能，不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意：连系动词后常用形容词充当表语，而不用副词。如：He feels cold. 作状语用副词，而不用形容词。如：He works well.
(3) 同义词、近义词、形似词选择错误
这里举一些常见的例子：
accept / receive, alive, living / lively, allow / let, alone / lonely, aloud / loudly, already / yet / still, also / too / either, number / amount / quantity, answer / reply, asleep / sleepy / sleeping, bring / take / fetch / carry, clothes / clothing, deep / deeply, cost / spend / take / pay, hard / hardly, high / highly, job / work, late / lately, lend / borrow, raise / rise, say / speak / tell / talk, sit / seat, sound / noise / voice
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