高一英语第二学期期中必备知识点-Computers
英语作为世界上使用最广的语言，在世界上的任何一个角落都仿佛能发现英语的存在，英语对于人们的交流与沟通起着越来越重要的作用，所以学生学习英语则成了一个重要的内容。以下是学大教育小编为大家整理的高一英语第二学期期中必备知识点-Computers，希望可以解决您所遇到的相关问题。核心单词
1. common adj. 共同的，普遍的;常见的
常用结构：
in common共有，公用(在句中多作状语)
have nothing/little/a lot/something in common
(with) sb.与某人没有/许多/有些共同之处
in common with 和……一样
common sense/knowledge 常识
common welfare 公共福利
辨析 common/ordinary/usual/normal
common 指“共有的，公共的;共同的;常见的”。反义词为rare。 common作“普通的”讲时可与ordinary换用。如“普通人”也可以说成common people。 ordinary 意为“普通的，平淡无奇的”，指没有什么特别的地方。 usual 意为“平常的，通常的，一向的”，含惯例之意。 normal 意为“正常的”。
常见例句： Jane and I have nothing in common.
=I have nothing in common with Jane. 我与简毫无共同之处。
The problems are common toall societies. 这些问题是所有社会的通病。 In common with many young people, he prefers pop songs.和许多年轻人一样，他喜欢流行歌曲。
He is in ordinary clothes. 他穿着平常的衣服。 We meet every day at the usual place.我们每天在往常那个地方见面。
单项填空 Harry visited the bookstore every week. He became such a customer that the bookseller gave him some books as presents. A.common B. normal
C. usual D. average
解析：选C。
由“Harry visited the bookstore every week”可知，他是常客，含有“习惯，惯例”之意，故选C。
2. signal n. 信号;手势;声音;暗号 v. 发信号;用信号传达;用信号与……通讯
A red light is usually a signal for/of danger.红灯通常是危险的信号。 He signaled (to) the waiter to bring the menu.他示意服务员把菜单拿过来。
常用结构： signal to sb./sth. for sth. 用信号传达(某信息);用信号与(某人)通讯 signal with ...用……发信号
翻译句子 ①铁路的红信号灯亮了，所以火车停下了。①The railway signal was on red, so the train stopped.
②他用红旗传达信号。
②He was signalling with a red flag.
3. sum n. 金额; 款项; 总数; 算术题
常用结构： in sum简言之; 总而言之 sum up/sum sth. Up总结;概括
He was fined the sum of 200$. 他被处以200美元的罚金。 The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. 5加3的和是8。 To sum up, there are three main ways of solving the problem.概括起来说，这个问题主要有三种解决办法。
4. arise vi. (arose, arisen)
出现，发生;起床，起身
常用结构：
arise from由……引起;由……产生; 从...中产生
arise out of由……引起;由……产生; 从...中产生
Before they could start a mist arose.在他们动身前, 起了雾。
Smoke arose from the chimney.烟从烟筒冒出来。
How did this quarrel arise?这场争吵是由于何种原因引起的?
A new difficulty has arisen.出现了新的困难。
Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往会引起事故的发生。
He arose at dawn.他黎明即起。
翻译句子 ①夜间起风暴了。
① A storm arose during the night. ②由于缺乏交流而产生了问题。
② Problems have arisen out of the lack of communication.
5. anyhow adv.(也作anyway)不管怎样，无论如何;反正;即使如此
拓展 somehow adv. 以某种方式, 用某种方法;不知怎么地 somewhat adv.有点，稍微
He told me not to buy it, but I bought it anyhow.他告诉我不要买它，但不管怎样，我还是买了。
It may snow, but anyhow I will go to the town.可能要下雪,但无论如何我都要进城。
We must get the work finished somehow by tomorrow morning.我们必须设法在明天早上以前把工作做完。
Somehow we lost our way.不知怎么地我们迷路了。 My jacket is somewhat like yours.我的夹克与你那件有点相似。
(1)单项填空 —You don’t seem to be quite yourself today. What’s wrong? —Oh, I’m suffering from a cold. Nothing serious, .
A. yet B. indeed C. anyhow D. though (2)完成句子
①我对这个工作有点厌倦了。 I am tired of this work. ②不知怎么地,他害怕她。 he was afraid of her. ③他无论如何也不能使她信服。 He couldn’t convince her .
解析： (1) 选D。此处表达“转折”，意思是“然而”。 (2)①somewhat ②Somehow ③anyhow
6. personally adv. 就个人而言;亲自
拓展 personally意为“就个人而言”时的同义短语： in my opinion as far as I’m concerned in my view for my part as far as I can see from my point of view for my perspective The owner of the hotel welcomed us personally. 这家旅馆的主人亲自接待了我们。 Personally (speaking), I think he is a very good man, but you may not agree. 就个人而言, 我认为他是个很好的人, 但也许你不这么认为。
完成句子 ①She said she didn’t like Tom, but(就个人而言), I thought he was an honest boy, though sometimes careless. ②(幸好), the planes appear to be quite safe. ③(自然地)，their ideas are important to everyone in the country. ④ (高兴的是) for him, his stepmother was kind to him. ⑤(出人意料的), he failed the exam.
答案：
①personally ②Luckily/Fortunately ③Naturally ④Happily
⑤Surprisingly
7. goal n. 球门;(进球)得分;目标;目的
常用结构： score/kick a goal踢进一球;得一分 keep goal守球门 life goal/one’s goal in life生活目标 achieve/realize one’s goal 实现目标
He headed the ball into an open goal. 他乘虚把球顶入球门
We won by three goals to one.我们以三比一获胜。
You’d better set a goal before you start.开始前，你最好设定一个目标。
翻译句子 ①他已经实现了他的目标。 ②我的人生目标是帮助他人。答案：①He has achieved his goal. ②My goal in life is to help others.
重点短语
8. in a way在某种程度上(表示对情况的态度)
拓展
in a way=in one way=in some ways
in the way 挡道;造成阻碍
in one way 在某方面
in some ways 在某些方面
in no way 决不，无论如何都不(位于句首时构成倒装)
on one's way to在去……的路上
by the way顺便说一下
in any way在任何方面
in every way在各方面
give way (to sb./sth.)屈服;让步
lose one's way 迷路
(there is) no way 不可能;没门
by way of 经过;经由
in the way和in one’s way两个短语含义相同，都含“挡住去路;碍事”之意。 In a way, it’s kind of nice to be studying alone.在某种程度上讲，独自一个人学习相当不错。
单项填空 I can’t see the word on the blackboard. Your head is . A. on the way B. in a way C. by the way D. in the way解析：选D。in the way和in one’s way均表示“挡住去路;碍事”之意。故D项符合句意。
9. go by经过;(时间)过去;依照，靠……判断拓展 go against违背;对……不利 go without勉强维持，凑合;没有……而将就 go in for爱好;参加;从事 go over复习;仔细审查 go ahead进行;发生;(尤指经某人允许)开始做 go through通过;经历，经受;查看，调查 go out出去;熄灭 go off离开，出发;爆发，突然响起;停止;熄灭 go up上升 go down下降 He went by his teacher without even a greeting.他从老师身边经过时连声招呼也没打。 As time went by/With time going by, he has changed a lot.随着时光流逝，他已经改变了许多。 Don’t go by that old map—it has been out of date.别参照那张旧地图，它已经过时了。 You can’t always go by appearances.你不能总是凭外表来判断。
用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空 go in for/go off/go through/go without ①The new law did not . ②I am an entrance examination next year. ③There’s no money for a holiday this year; we’ll just have to . ④He didn’t wake up even though the alarm .答案：①go through ②going in for ③go without ④went off
10. as a result结果，因此
拓展 as a result of 由于……;作为……的结果 as a consequence 结果 in consequence 结果 in consequence of 由于 result from由……引起;由于(意思等同于lie in) result in结果;导致(意思等同于lead to) He made a big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job. 他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。 He didn’t pass the exam as a result of his carelessness.他由于粗心而没有通过考试。 His success results from his hard work. 他的成功源于自身的努力。 Acting before thinking always results in failure. 做事之前不加考虑总会导致失败。
(1)单项填空 He fell the bike and broke his leg as . A. down; result B. off; a result C. onto; a result of D. to; a result of
(2)完成句子 ①由于大雪，他迟到了。He was late the heavy snow. ②因此，我们不得不给菜地浇水。 , we have to water the vegetable garden. ③他考试不及格是由于粗心造成的。His failure in the exam his carelessness. ④这场意外事故造成两人死亡。The accident the death of two people.解析： (1) 选B。fall off意思是“从……上掉下来”;as a result的意思是“因而;结果”。 (2)①as a result of ②As a result ③resulted from ④resulted in
because of, due to, owing to, on account of和thanks to的用法比较:这一组词都表示"由于"的意思，在使用时应该注意以下区别： 1.because of意为"由于，因为"，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。如：We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback.我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。 2.owing to与because of一样，也强调因果关系，除作状语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末，用逗号隔开。如：They decided to cancel the flight，owing to the storm.由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。 His death was owing to an accident.他死于一场事故。 3.due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与owing to同义，作状语时，一般不与其他成分隔开。如：This accident was due to(owing to)his careless driving.这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。 He arrived late due to(owing to)the storm.由于暴风雨他来晚了。 Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。 4.on account of与because of，owing to同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如：He could not come on account of his illness.他因病不能前来。 That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。 5.thanks to表示"幸亏，多亏"多用于表达正面意思，相当于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。 Thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved.
11. make up化妆;化装;捏造，虚构(故事，诗等)
拓展 make up for补偿 be made up of=consist of由……组成 make for有利于做成某事，有助于做成某事;走向;冲向 make it及时赶到;成功 make it up和解;讲和 make known使知晓;传达 make out理解;懂得;辨认出 She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party.她在聚会前用了一个小时化妆。 Stop making things up! 不要胡编了!
(1)单项填空 In Singapore, a southeastern Asian country, the Chinese people the largest percentage of its population, so you can speak Chinese there. A. make up B. take up C. hold up D. turn up (2)完成句子 ①讲究卫生有助于身体健康。 Cleanliness good health. ②我们需要50美元以补足所需要的数目。 We need $50 to the sum required. ③那位经理的字迹很难辨认。 It was difficult to the manager’s handwriting.解析： (1) 选A。考查短语辨析。make up意为“编造，弥补，组成，构成”; take up意为“拿起来，占据(时间或空间)”; hold up 意为“阻止”; turn up意为“开大，调高，出现”。 (2) ①makes for ②make up ③make out
12. after all毕竟，终究
拓展 at all根本，完全;到底，究竟;既然 not at all一点也不 in all总共，共计 above all首先;最重要的是 first of all首先 all in all总之 Don’t get discouraged by setbacks, we are new to the work after all.别因挫折而灰心,毕竟我们不熟悉这项工作。 He did come after all. 他终究还是来了。
单项填空 ①The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; , it caused 20 deaths.
A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides ②I’d like to buy a house—modern, comfortable, and in a quiet neighbourhood. A. in all B. above all
C. after all D. at all解析： ①选D。由语境逻辑可以推出该空表示“另外，除此之外”，只有D项与句意相符。 ②选B。考查“介词+all”的短语辨析。句意为：我想买一座房子——时尚、舒适，最重要的是社区要安静。in all 总共;above all 最重要的是;after all 毕竟;at all根本。 13. deal with处理;安排;对付
辨析 do with/deal with表示“怎样处理”时，do with常与连接代词what连用，而deal with常与连接副词how连用。这两个短语在意思上有细微的差别。一般来说，do with意为“处置;忍受;相处;有关”等。 deal with意义很广，意为“对付;应付;处理;安排;论述;涉及;与……打交道/做生意”等。
How are you going to deal with the problem? 你们打算怎样处理这个问题呢? Such man is difficult to deal with. 这种人不容易相处。 I’ve dealt with him for ten years.我和他做生意已经10年了。 This book deals with the Middle East.这本书是关于中东问题的。 He didn’t know what to do with the property his father had left. 他不知道如何处理他父亲留下的财产。 I can’t do with the loud noise. 我无法忍受那种噪音。
单项填空 ①It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows . A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it ②He knows to deal with man but when he meets women, he doesn’t know to do. A. what; how B. what; what C. how; what D. how; how解析： ①选C。what to do (with it)为固定结构，意为“如何处理……”，意思等同于how to deal (with it)。“疑问词+不定式”作knows的宾语。 ②选C。作“对待，处理”讲时，do with 和deal with同义，deal with与how搭配，do with与what搭配。
14. watch over看守;监视;照看
Could you watch (over) my clothes while I have a swim?我游泳时你能帮我看着我的衣服吗? He felt that God was watching over him.他感觉到上帝保佑着他。
watch out (for)当心，注意 watch for sb./sth.观察;等待 keep a watch on监视 under the close watch在严密监视下
翻译句子 ①他们等待着进一步的发展。 ②小心!汽车来了。答案： ①They are watching for further developments. ②Watch out! There’s a car coming.
重点句型
15. ①so ...that ...意为 “如此……以至于……”。 ②such+ a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+that-clause adj.+复数名词+that-clause adj. +不可数名词+that-clause
Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told!随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展得如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情!
She’s so ill that she can’t get out of bed.她病得很重，都下不了床了。 These are such interesting books that children like to read them. 这些书很有趣，孩子们喜欢读。
提示 so that既可以表达结果，又可以表达目的，表目的时相当于in order that。 I stopped so that you could catch up.我停下来以便你能赶得上。 “so ...that ...”结构中的“so+adj./adv.”位于句首时，主句要倒装。 So hard does he work that he seldom goes home.他工作那么努力，几乎不回家。 “such ...as ...”中的as引导的是一个定语从句。
单项填空 —What a beautiful day! —Yes, it’s that I’d like to take a walk. A. such nice weather B. so a nice weather C. too nice weather D. nice weather so解析：选A。因为此处weather是中心词，但它为不可数名词，所以不能加冠词。
Before作为连词的用法
重点句法：
It took nearly two hundred yearsbefore I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.
此句是 It+be/take+时间段+before句型
若主句是一般过去时从句也是一般过去时。若主句是肯定句翻译成“多长时间之后才”，若主句是否定形式翻译成“没过多久就”。所以，此句翻译为：差不多过了200年后，查尔斯.巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
Before作为连词的用法
其基本含义是“在……之前”，又可以根据不同语境灵活翻译成“才”、“还没来得及就……”、“趁……”、“就”等。具体用法如下：
1、用于It+be/take+时间段+before句型
在这一句型中又可以根据主从句的时态分成两种情况。
A) 若主句是一般将来时态，从句是一般现在时。
若主句是肯定句意思是“要过多长时间才”;
若主句是否定形式译成“用不了多久就”。
It will be two weeks before everything returns to normal.两周之后一切才能恢复正常。
It will be many years before the situation improves.这种状况或许要过许多年才能得以改善。
It won't be long before we meet again.用不了多久我们就会再见面的。
It won't be 10 years before we catch up with the developed countries.用不了10年我们就会赶上发达国家的。
B)这时若主句是一般过去时从句也是一般过去时。
若主句是肯定句翻译成“多长时间之后才”，若主句是否定形式译成“没过多久就”。如：
It took nearly two hundred years beforeI was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.差不多过了200年后，查尔斯.巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
It was some time before I realized the truth. 过了很长一段时间我才了解到真相。
It was three years before I realized the importance of English. 过了三年时间我才意识到了英语的重要性。
After that it still took seven years before they got married. 他们又过了七年才结婚。
It wasn't long before she became a brave solider. 没过多久她就成了一名勇敢的战士。
注意：当主句的谓语动词为延续性动词时，before与until有时可以互换。
It was an hour before/until the police arrived.
2、 before与情态动词can/could连用
这时候从句虽为肯定形式，根据汉语表达习惯译成“还没来得及就”，如：
Before I could get in a word，he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话他就为我量好了尺寸。
Before she could move，she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar.她还没来得及迈步，就听见一声巨响，接着就是可怕的隆隆轰鸣。
3、before用于肯定句中强调主句所表达的时间、距离长，或花费的精力大，译成“才”
We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw lands.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。
We waited a long time before the train arrived. 我们等了很长时间火车才到。
The Civil War lasted four years before the North won.
4、before用于否定句中，强调主句所表达的时间\距离短，或花费的精力小，译成“不到……就”如：
We hadn't run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。
5、before用在“主句含有hardly，scarcely等半否定副词”的句中时，可以译为“刚……就”。句型是：
We had hardly done ...when...did
这时候主句应用过去完成时态，从句用过去时，还可以用when替代before如：
We had scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.我们刚到学校铃声就响了。
=Had we scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.
6)用在含有before的主从复合句中用在含有before的主从复合句中，一般在从句中使用一般过去时，主句中使用过去完成时。例如： Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.有时，也可以在从句中用过去完成时，主句中用一般过去时，这样就可使描述更为生动。试比较： We got to the station before the train had left. 火车尚未开动之前，我们就到了车站。 We had got to the station before the train left. 火车开出之前，我们就已经到了车站。像after一样， before本身就能明确地表示时间的先后关系，故多数主从句均使用一般过去时，而无需使用过去完成时。例如：，Many people left for home before the film ended.电影尚未放完，许多人就起身回家了。
连接：
by， before， when， until, after 在过去完成时态中应用
7、We had scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.有时还有“宁愿”的意思
I'd shoot myself before I apologized to him.我宁死也不向他道歉。
⒈(2009天津)It was evening ________ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A.that B.until C.since D.before
2.(2008全国)Several weeks had gone by ________ realized the painting was missing.
A.as B.before C.since D.when
3.(2008广东)The America Civil War lasted four years ______ the North won in the end.
A.after B.before C.when D.then
4.(2005山东)It was some time _______ we realized the truth.
A.when B.until C.since D.before
5.(2009四川)-Why didn‘t you tell him about the meeting?
-He rushed out of the classroom _______ I could say a word.
A.before B.until C.when D.after
6.(2010福建)-How long do you think it will be __ china sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
-Perhaps two or three years.
Awhen B.until C.that D.before
参考答案：DBBDAD
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