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高考英语语法贯穿在高考英语选择题、改错题、高考英语作文中,在进行阅读理解和完形填空时也用得到。可以说单词是英语学习的基础、语法是英语学习的架构。高考英语语法不难,总结起来也就十几点,在听课和做题中不断揣摩其中的规律,再反过来通过题目精炼。新东方高考英语语法总结系列,整理了有关名词、非谓语动词、从句、英语语气时态语态等必考考点。
更多高考备考资料在:gaokao.xdf.cn。
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词
|
先行词
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从句成分
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例 句
|
备 注
|
关系代 词
|
who
|
人
|
主语
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Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
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whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
|
whom
|
人
|
宾语
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Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
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whose
|
人或物
|
定语
|
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
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that
|
人或物
|
主语,宾语
|
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
|
which
|
物
|
主语,宾语
|
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
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as
|
人或物
|
主语,宾语
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He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
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as做宾语一般不省略
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关系副 词
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when
|
时间
|
时间状语
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I will never forget the day when we met there.
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可用on which
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where
|
地点
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地点状语
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This is the house where I was born.
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可用in which
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why
|
原因
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原因状语
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I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
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可用for which
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II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别
情 况
|
用法说明
|
例 句
|
只用that的情况
|
1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时
2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.先行词既指人又指物时
5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时
|
1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
|
只用which, who, whom的情况
|
1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。
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1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
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III. as、which和that的区别
从句
|
区 别
|
例 句
|
限制性
定语从句中
|
名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which
|
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
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非限制性
定语从句中
|
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。
|
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
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the same... as和
the same ...that
|
the same... as指同类事物
the same ...that 指原物
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That’s the same tool as I used last week.(同类工具,不是同一把)
That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。
|
注意:the way 做先行词时,定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。
IV.定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别
类 别
|
区 别
|
例 句
|
定语从句
与
并列句
|
定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于:并列句有像and,but,so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接,这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。
|
①Mr Li has three daughters,none of _____ is an engineer.
②Mr Li has three daughters,but none of _____ is a dancer.
从结构上看,①小题是定语从句,故填whom;
②小题有并列连词but,是并列句,故填代词 them。
|
定语从句
与
状语从句
|
定语从句的前面有名词作先行词,而状语从句没有先行词。
|
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.
这是几年前我们居住的地方。(定语从句,先行词为the place)
Let’s go where we can find a better job.
我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句)
|
定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词,只能放在先行词的后面,而状语从句说明动作发生的情况,并且可以放在主句的前面。
|
Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗?(定语从句)
It was already five o’clock when the class was over.
=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.
当下课时己经是5点了。(时间状语从句)
|
When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换,在引导状语从句时却不行。
|
This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked.
这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。(定语从句)
Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。(状语从句)
|
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分,因此去掉它则从句成分不完整;而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分,去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。
|
It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。
(as用作动词like的宾语,它引导的是定语从句)
It is such an interesting book that we all like it.
它是一本如此有趣的书,我们大家都喜欢它。
(that不充当句子成分,故它引导的是结果状语从句)
|
定语从句
与
同位语从句
|
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。
|
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.
她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。(同位语从句)
此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam
可以改写成表语从句:The news is that he passed the exam.
The news that he told us interested all of us.
他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。(定语从句)
The news that he told us 是定语从句,此句不能改写为:The news is that he told us.
|
定语从句
与
强调句
|
强调句的结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that+从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分,当被强调部分是人时,还可用who代替that。这一句型中,一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。
|
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport.
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works.
从结构上看:
①小题是强调句,故填 that。
②小题则是定语从句,用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in,故填 where。
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