[高考英语语法]情态动词专项复习汇总
一、can （could）1、can表示能力，用在过去时中，could表示过去所具有的一般的能力；经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was / were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”（=managed to do, succeeded in doing）。在否定句中两者可通用。例如：
① Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。
② Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？
③Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。
④He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn't feel like it that day. 他能游过英吉利海峡，但那天他不想游。
⑤Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。
⑥He tried many times, then at last, with the help of his math teacher, he was able to work out the difficult problem.
2、表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上），可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。can在肯定句中表“可能性”时是表示“理论（道理）上的可能性，普遍、一般情况下可能”，而不是表示具体某事发生的可能性；表示这样的意思时要用could，may或might。can't （couldn't）表示“不可能”，与must意义相反。
①Accidents can happen.意外情况是可能发生的。
②Scotland can be very warm in September.九月的苏格兰可以非常暖和。
③Will you answer the phone? It could （may /might） be your mother. 你去接电话好吗？可能是你妈妈打来的。（不能说It can be）
④He can't （couldn't） have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。
⑤You mustn't smoke while you're walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。
⑥When many people surf on the Internet, the speed can （could） be very slow.
⑦During rush hours, streets can （could） be vey crowded.
●can （could） have done表示对过去发生事情的推测，can have done只能用于疑问句和否定句中（“可能已经……了吗” “不可能已经”），肯定句中用“could have done”。
①Where can （could） he have gone?他会上哪儿去了呢？
②He can't （couldn't） have gone to school-it's Saturday.他不可能是去上学了，今天是星期六
③He could have gone off with some friends.他可能是和几位朋友出去了。（不说can have gone…）
3、“could+完成式”还可用来表示虚拟（不用can）（也可表推测），“过去本能做而未做”以及用来责备某人在过去本可以做某事但未做。如：
①You were stupid to go skiing there you could have broken your leg. 你到那个地方去滑雪真傻，你可能会摔断腿的。
②You could have told me the boss was angry.你本该告诉我老板生气了。
4、表示给予许可、允许或征求意见（=may）。
① Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？
② He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。
③You can take this book home to read more carefully.你可以把书拿回家更详细地阅读。
5、表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。
① Where can （could） they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？
② How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？
6、比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。
① Can （Could） you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？。
② I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。
二、 may （might）
1、表给予许可、允许（通常不用might）或征求意见，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。
① You may （can, could） take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。
② May （Might） I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？
●在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don't. / You'd better not. / No, you mustn't./can't等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。
二、 may （might）
2、表可能（表针对具体某件事情上的可能性，区别can），只能用于肯定句和否定句，不能用于疑问句。May与might不存在时间的差异，might表示的可能性更小。May （might） not意思是“可能不（会）”。区别：can't （couldn't）“不可能”。May （might） have done 表对过去发生事情的推测，“过去可能已经”，否定式表示“过去可能不会已经……”。
① He may （might, could） be at home. 他可能在家。\
② She may （might） not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。
③ She couldn't know about it. 她不可能知道这件事。
④ ----Can he have finished his work? 他可能已经完成工作了吗？
----I think he could （may, might） have . 我认为他可能已经完成了。
----I think he can't （couldn't） have. 我认为他不可能已经完成了。
----I think he may （might） not have. 我认为他可能不会已经完成了。
----I think he must have finished it。我认为他肯定已经完成了。
⑤--Can （Could） she be at home?
--She may （might, could） be at home.
--She can't （couldn't） be at home.
--She may （might） not be at home.
--She must be at home.
3、might have done（不用may） 表示对过去所发生事情的虚拟（也可表推测），“过去本可以做而未做”。
①She might have finished her homework, but her mother asked her to do housework all day.她本可以完成家庭作业的，但她母亲整天都叫她做家务。
②It rained all day yesterday, or we might have had great fun in the park 昨天下了一整天的雨，否则的话，我们会在公园里玩得很高兴的。
三、must
1、表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。
① We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。
② –Must/Need we hand in our exercise books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗？
--No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. （Yes, you must.） 不必。
2、表示推测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。
① He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。
② She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。：
③She must have finished her work, otherwise she can't be playing with her friends.她肯定已经完成了作业，否则的话她现在不可能和她的朋友一起在玩。
3、用于疑问句或条件句中，表说话人不耐烦、讨厌、责备等语气，“必须得，非得”。（是其特有用法）
①Must you make so much noise when all of us are doing our work quietly?你非得在我们都安静工作的时候发出那么大的噪音吗？
②—How old are you, miss? –-If you must know it, I'm older than you.如果你非得要知道的话，我年纪比你大的。
③--Can I have a word with you? --OK, if you must.
4、其否定式mustn't 表“禁止，不准”，不能表虚拟和推测。___×___mustn't have done.
①You mustn't throw your things on the floor like this.
●区别：have to （例略）
四、shall
1、表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。
① Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？
② Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？
③ Shall he wash the clothes for you? 要不要他给你洗衣服？（＝Do you want him to wash the clothes for you?）
④Mrs. Johnson has arrived. Shall she come upstairs or will you go downstairs to meet her?约翰逊夫人到了。是请她上楼来，还是您下去见她呢？（＝Do you want her to come upstairs?）
⑤Shall we sit here? 咱们是不是坐这儿？
2、表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。“会，一定会，一定，必须”。
① You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）
② You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）
③ He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）
④ I don't want to be hard on them; they shan't be pressed. 我不会太难为他们，不会过于逼他们。（承诺、决心）
⑤Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）
⑥You shall have a new computer if you work hard enough. 你如果工作足够努力，那么你定会得到一台新电脑的。（许诺）
⑦You shan't have this computer if you don't work hard enough. 如果你工作不努力，你就不会得到这台电脑。（警告）
⑧You shall have whatever you want. 你想得到什么就有什么。（允诺）
⑨You shall come to my office immediately. 你必须马上来我的办公室。（命令）
3、表示条文、明文、规则、制度等的规定（用于二、三人称）
①Each competitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字牌。
②According to the rule, all the people present shall stay until the meeting is over. 根据规定，所有参会人员须待到会议结束。
五、will
1、表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。
① I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
② None is so blind as those who won't see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。
③ If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书我会把它借给你。
④ The door won't open.（ 表示某种倾向）
⑤ The machine won't start. （ 表示某种倾向）
⑥ The dog won't let me go in.（表主语意愿）
2、表请求，用于疑问句。
① Will you close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗？
② Won't you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？
3、表经常性、习惯性动作或某种倾向。
① Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。
② The door won't open. 这门打不开。
③ She will （always） take a walk after super every evening. 每天傍晚晚饭后，她都会去散步。
④ When he gets up every morning, he will have a smoke.
六、would
1、表过去的意愿。：
① They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
② I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。
2、表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
① Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？
② They wouldn't have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。
3、表过去反复发生的经常的习惯性的动作或过去的一种倾向。
①Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。
②When she lived in London, she would go to the zoo every day. 当她住在伦敦的时候，她每天都会去动物园。
③The car wouldn't start when I wanted to go to work yesterday. 当我昨天想去上班时，这车却起不动。
七、should
1、表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。例如：
① You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。
② You shouldn't waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。
2、表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。例如：
① The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
② They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。
3、（表示不确定）万一（虚拟条件句中讲到此用法）。
① If I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。
② If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨，比赛就延期举行。
4、表惊讶、竟然会、奇怪、重要性、遗憾、必要性等语气（是其独特的用法）（虚拟语气中提到）。
① How should he say like that?
② Shouldn't you be doing you homework at home?
③ I don't understand why he should have left without saying goodbye to us.
七、should
④ It's necessary （important） that the meeting should be held at once.
⑤ It's strange （a pity） that they should have failed the exam.
5、should （shouldn't） have done 表对过去发生事情的虚拟，“过去本应该做而未做”，“过去本不应该做而做了”。
①I should have come to see you yesterday, but I had a guest.
②The soup is too salty. You shouldn't have put so much salt in it.
八、ought to
1、表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。
① You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲，应当管他。
② You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
2、表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。
① Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
② There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
3、ought （oughtn't） to have done表示虚拟。（例略）
九、used to
●表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。
① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。
② I usedn't （didn't use） to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。j }F
③ Used you （Did you use） to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？
九、used to
■区别：Used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。
①People used to think that the earth was flat. 过去人们认为地球是平的。\现在人们不这么认为。
②She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. 在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。\可能现在仍有散步的习惯。
■区别：used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
①He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。
②She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。
十、特殊情态动词need和dare用法
●need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。
1、用作情态动词。
① You needn't telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。
② I don't think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。
③ She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。
④ How dare you say I'm unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？_
2、用作实义动词。
① You don't need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。
② We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。
十、特殊情态动词need和dare用法
③ The table needs painting （to be painted.）。 桌子需要油漆一下。
④ We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。
⑤ He did not dare （to） look up. 他不敢抬头看。
⑥ I dare say he'll come again. 我想他会再来的。
3、needn't have done 表示虚拟，“过去本不必做而做了”。区别：didn't need to do。
①Yesterday was Sunday, we didn't need to go to school.（未去）
②Yesterday was Sunday, we needn't have gone to the school.（去了）
十一、其他半情态动词
●would rather, would sooner, would （just） as soon, had rather（宁愿）；had better, had sooner（最好）；can not but（只有）， may/might （just） as well（倒不如）等可用作情态动词。
① The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 那士兵宁死不屈。
② I'd rather walk than take a bus. 我宁愿步行也不愿乘车。
③ If you don't like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不想游泳，你也可以呆在家里。
●【注意】这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。would （had） rather, would （had） sooner, would （just） as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。
① I would rather you came on Sunday. 我宁可你星期天来。
② I would sooner he hadn't asked 但愿他没问。
十二、 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
1） 情态动词+动词完成式
●情态动词+动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + done分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论、判断或虚拟。
●must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can （could） 来表示。（must不能标虚拟）____must have done___×__
十二、 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法
① Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
② He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map.
③ The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
●当然对现在发生或将来发生的事情，要用must do 表示猜测， 否定为can't do。
④ He must understand that we mean business.
⑤ You must be hungry after a long walk.
●may / might have done表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。而表虚拟用might （not） have done“过去本可以做（不做）而未做（做了）”。
⑥ I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
●could have done 在肯定句型中， 往往用作委婉的批评，表虚拟，“本应该做什么，而没做”；有时也用作推测。
⑦ You could have told us earlier.
⑧ Tom could have taken the dictionary.
●ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn't have done用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。
⑨ With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
⑩ You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
●needn't have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。
⑾ You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.
●【注意】表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。
⑿ ---I wonder how Tom knew about your past.
---He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.
2） 情态动词+动词进行式
●情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + doing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。
① He must be playing basketball in the room.
② She may be staying at home.
3） 情态动词+动词完成进行式
●情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即have been + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。
① They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
② He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.|
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