高考英语短文改错专项训练：设错规律
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这种错误是指误用了某个在形式或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词。如：
(1) Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, buses and trucks.
【解析】原文讲述噪音污染，所以，此处的voice应改为noise。
(2) Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin.
【解析】此处as应改为like，as与like都可作介词用，表示“像……一样”时，应用like，而as表示“作为……”。
2. 名词方面的语法错误
关于辨别名词的错误应注意名词本身是可数名词还是不可数名词，同时应根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数形式来判断名词的单复数。此外，还应检查句子中的名词是否有格和名词前限定词用法等方面的错误。如：
(1) We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club… (福建)
【解析】应把weekend改为weekends。根据several可知，此处weekend应用其复数形式。
(2) And I came to understand that was not easy to earn money, and that knowledges could change my life. (辽宁)
【解析】应把knowledges改为knowledge。knowledge是不可数名词，在句中应用其单数形式。
(3) The play tells humorous stories that happen in the Green’s family. (重庆)
【解析】去掉the。此处泛指格林一家无须再加定冠词the。
(4) …and read the daily newspapers, magazines and the other books… (湖北)
【解析】去掉the。此处泛指其他书本，故应去掉the。
(5) As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.
【解析】此处意为“一座名山”，含有数量“一座”的意思，故famous mountain前应加不定冠词a。
3. 动词用法方面的错误
不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误，特别注意几组易混淆的词，如：bear(忍受) / bear(生育)；find / found (建立)；fall / fell(砍倒)；lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay；hang(挂) / hang(绞死)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系)；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词)；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式，必须与第一个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择，是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。如：
(1) I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or also each day. (全国卷)
【解析】结合上一行，followed her advice和put down应是并列谓语，should用于此处显然是画蛇添足。
(2)…and I wonder if you’ll free then so we could chat about the good older days. (山东)
【解析】应在free前加be。You’ll是you will的缩写形式，其后不可直接接形容词作表语，必须加系动词be才能构成系表结构。
(3)曲Perhaps someone who wanted see the play would take them. (陕西)
【解析】应在wanted后加不定式符号to。want表示“想要”的时候不能直接接动词原形作宾语，而必须接带to的不定式作宾语。
辨别非谓语动词的常见错误时需要注意以下几点。看介词后接的是否是动名词；检查某些特定动词的后面只可接动名词的(如advise, admit, avoid, allow, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, include, mention, miss, mind, practise, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand等)是否误用了不定式；检查某些特定动词的后面只可接带to的不定式的(如ask, afford, agree, decide, demand, dare, expect, fail, happen, hope, hesitate, manage, offer, ought, plan, intend, prepare, pretend, wish, refuse, promise等)是否误用了动名词；检查某些特定词的后面只跟不带to的不定式的(如had better, would rather, rather than等)是否多加to；检查需要用动词不定式的一般式的是否误用了其完成式；检查需要用动词不定式的完成式的是否误用了其一般式；检查句子中需要用现在分词作状语的是否误用了过去分词；检查句子中需要用过去分词的是否误用了现在分词；当不定式作宾语，且后面又有宾语补足语时，检查是否漏用it作形式宾语，因为这时通常将不定式后置了；注意区分几组特别的动词的-ing形式和过去分词之间的不同，如surprising(令人吃惊的)，surprised(感到惊讶的)；interesting(令人感兴趣的)，interested(感兴趣的)；disappointing(令人失望的)，disappointed(感到失望的)；encouraging(令人鼓舞的)，encouraged(感到鼓舞的)。如：
(1) Besides, the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and interested. (福建)
【解析】应把interested改为interesting。activities(活动)应该是“令人感兴趣”的才对，故此处要将interested改成interesting。
(2) I really enjoy study because I’m growing old and know what I want it. (陕西)
【解析】应把study改为studying。enjoy后通常接动名词而非不定式作宾语。
(3) My father was so pleasing that he suggested I go to England for a holiday. (全国卷I)
【解析】应把pleasing改为pleased。由于主语是my father，所以要用过去分词。
(4) I just Want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. (天津)
【解析】应把becoming改为become。help后不接动名词作宾语，而是接动词不定式作宾语。
(5) We’d better not to miss the chance to enjoy it. (重庆)
【解析】应去掉not后面的to。had better后接不带to的不定式作宾语。
(6) …and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.
【解析】应在make前加to，make在此处并非做谓语，而应该是不定式作目的状语，符号to不可省。
(7) But then there are always more mysteries look into.
【解析】应在look前加to，此处应该用不定式作定语，修饰mysteries，故look into前缺to。
(8) We are looking forward to see you on the birthday party.
【解析】短语look forward to中的to是介词，其后应接动名词，故应将see改为seeing。
(9) I’m sorry I keep you wait for a long time. I got caught in the traffic.
【解析】在任何情况下keep均和doing连用，如keep doing sth, keep sb(sth) doing sth, keep…from doing…等。
(10) I’d like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.
【解析】to后应加be。因为其后面是名词，而不是动词原形，所以不能直接用to。
辨别语态的错误应该注意以下几点。检查句子是否该用被动语态；检查句子中使用的被动语态形式是否正确；检查被动语态的时态与句子中的其他时态是否相呼应，被动语态的数是否与其主语一致。如：
(1) I’m glad to learn that you’ve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life. (山东)
【解析】应去掉been。此处表示“我”已经定居某地，是主动的动作，所以此处要用现在完成时的主动语态。
(2) When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. (重庆)
【解析】应把destroying改为destroyed。价值是被破坏，故要用动词的destroy的被动语态。
(3) …and let you know when the book you want has returned and is ready for you to pickup.
【解析】此处应该用被动语态has been returned，由于缺少助动词，变成了主动语态，造成错误。
6. 时态时态方面的错误
辨别时态错误要注意以下几点。在简单句中，看动词的时态是否与时间状语保持一致；当两个或两个以上的谓语共用一个主语时，看其时态是否保持一致；看由并列连词连接的两个句子其时态是否保持一致；看主语从句、 表语从句和同位语从句的时态是否与主句的时态保持一致；当定语从句和状语从句谓语表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生时，是否使用了相同的时态。此外，需要注意的是，当遇到宾语从句和间接引语时，如果其主句使用了过去时， 则在从句中也必须使用过去时，但是如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实和真理时，则一般用一般现在时。如：
(1) When they came here, I will show them around my university and the city just as well.
【解析】应把came改为come。根据主句中的I will show可知描述的是将要发生的事情，而在when引导的条件状语从句中应用一般现在时表将来。
(2) Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.
【解析】is 应改为was，使之与时间状语in the past一致。
(3)They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking and laughing together.
【解析】have 与前面句子中offered时态不一致，应改为had。
(4) I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away. And it is really great to see most of my old friends again.
【解析】is应改为was，与前面分句的时态一致。
7. 介词方面的错误
介词的错误应该注意以下几点。检查介词的使用无有误用的现象；检查句中有无遗漏介词，尤其要注意作定语用的不定式后是否缺少必要的介词；检查句子中有无多余的介词；检查句子中介词与动词、名词、形容词、副词等的搭配是否正确。如：
(1) There are so many places I want to take you to after I finish my work like a volunteer. (福建)
【解析】应把like改为as。like作介词表示“像……一样”，而根据句子成分分析可知此处要表示的意思是“作为一个志愿者”，故要将like改成介词as。
在短文改错中见到形容词和副词时，需要注意形容词和副词是否混用的问题，即检查句中是否存在误把形容词作副词或误把副词用作形容词的现象，尤其是一些词形完全一样的形容词与副词。另外，还要检查句中是否有系动词，如果有系动词，看其后跟的是形容词还是副词；句中有无形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成和使用错误；并列结构前后形容词与副词的级别是否对等。英语中常用的系动词有be, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run, remain, continue, keep, stay, prove, turn out等，记住这些对于判断形容词和副词是否有误有着非常重要的作用。如：
(1) We can hear birds singing happy all around. (福建)
【解析】应把happy改为happily。应用用副词修饰动词而不是形容词。
(2) In examinations and in certain kinds of written work, it is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. (重庆)
【解析】应把foolishly改为foolish。is是系动词，其后要接形容词构成系表结构。
(3) Finding information on the Net is easily. But not all... (广西卷)
【解析】应把easily改为easy。因为一般的副词不能作表语，而应用形容词。但要注意不要改成simple或其他的近义形容词。
(4) I am sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together.
【解析】应把wonderfully改为wonderful，应该用形容词修饰后面的名词time。
9. 冠词用法错误
定冠词the的多余或缺失，如季节，月份，星期，球类及三餐活动，称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏掉了the；a, an的混用。注意，判断一个词的前面加a还是an不是看其首字母是不是元音字母，而是看首字母的发音是不是元音，如an hour, an honest boy，其首字母不是元音字母，但其发音却是以元音素开始，故用an，而a useful dictionary, a university, a one-hour journey等，虽然以元音字母开始，但却读作辅音音素的音，故前面要用a。如：
(1) I had a interesting dream last night. (浙江)
【解析】应把a改为an。interesting的发音以元音开头，故要用不定冠词an修饰。
(2) An Australian farmer found the kangaroo caught in the fence around his farms. (四川)
【解析】应把an改为a。Australia的发音以辅音开头，故要用不定冠词a修饰。
(3) Second, I will learn more about history of the Olympics as good as the 2008 Olympic Games. (全国II)
【解析】应在about后加the。此处是特指奥林匹克的历史，故要用定冠词the。
(4) …As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of… (全国卷)
【解析】应在famous 前加 a。mountain是可数名词，在这里是泛指，故在其前加不定冠词。
(1) I was only about six that he held his hand out to me. (全国)
【解析】应把that改为when。此处是时间状语从句，应该用when来引导。
(2) So I didn’t lose heart and kept running. (浙江)
【解析】把So改为But。根据前面的句子At first, I could not to run very fast and fell behind可知，上下文之间是转折关系而非因果关系，故要用连词But。
(3) We liked the dishes you had cooked but we were happy to learn the English songs you taught us. (山东)
【解析】应把but改为and。We liked the dishes you had cooked和we were happy to learn the English songs you taught us在语意上是并列的关系。
(4) Therefore, my father loves football. (浙江)
【解析】应把Therefore改为However。根据该句前面的句子…dull to watch a game in which players kicked a ball each other可知，作者不喜欢足球，所以本句与该句之间在逻辑上是转折关系。
(5) It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain. (全国卷)
【解析】本句应该是含when引导时间状语从句的复合句，所以要在noon前加上when。
11. 代词用法错误
代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词和指示代词。判断代词是否有误时应该注意以下几点：代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格，主格或相反，关系代词的错用。如只能用that引导的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方却用了that，或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。检查物主代词的指代是否使用正确；检查反身代词的单复数形式和人称是否与指代的名词一致；检查看不定代词的使用是否正确；检查指示代词的使用时候正确；检查句子中有无遗漏代词或多余代词的现象。由于不定代词和指示代词的用法比较复杂，所以下面为同学们列出常用的不定代词和指示代词：常用的不定代词有some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, other, another, others及由some, any, no, every构成的复合词；常用的指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。如：
(1) If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, they will go hungry. (广东)
【解析】应把they改为he。这里讲述的全是“他”的事，故主句的主语依然是he。
(2) …but I believe you personal experience will be a lot better (浙江)
【解析】应把you改为your。修饰名词应用形容词性物主代词而非代词的宾格。
(3) I read your e-mail to my parents and show them the photo you sent it to me.
【解析】应去掉it。sent的宾语是photo，所以后面再加it就是重复了。
(4) I’m sure you will find one you like it. (陕西)
【解析】应去掉it。find已有宾语one，所以后面再加it就是重复了。
(5) A break in their employment, or a decision to work part time, will slow its raises and promotions.
【解析】从原文看，此处指妇女涨工资、被提升的速度会大大地减缓。所以its应改为their（指妇女的）。
(1) My first one job was to clean the tables in a small restaurant. (辽宁)
【解析】应该要去掉one。My first job意思是“我的第一份工作”，已经包含了“一份工作”的意思，不需要再加数词one。
(2) When he was in his fifty, he moved to France.
【解析】应把fifty改为fifties，in his fifties的意思是“在他五十多岁时”， in the fifties的意思是“在50年代”。
(3) This big steel plant has a thousand of workers.
【解析】应把thousand后的of去掉。hundred, thousand, million等词在表示具体数字时， 都不加s，在表示不确定数字时加s，同时加of。 如：hundreds of数百；thousands of 数千。
(4) About three-fifth of the workers of that steel works are young people.
【解析】应把three-fifth改为three-fifths。分数表达法是分子用基数词，分母用序数词， 当分子大于1时，分母应加s。
13. 固定搭配错误
主要是一些常用介词短语、动词短语、形容词短语的误用，另外，一些固定句型中词汇的搭配也容易出错。对付此类错误的方法是大量记忆，熟悉这些固定的搭配。如：
(1) …about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East.
【解析】应把at改为in，in the country为固定介词短语搭配。
(2) …but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.
【解析】应吧in改为on，dependent on为固定的形容词短语搭配。
(3) However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners.
【解析】as应改为than，more．．．than．．．为固定句型搭配，表示“与其说……不如说……”。
(4) It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a well time for all of us. (辽宁)
【解析】get in touch with是固定搭配，中间无须再加冠词。
(5) …so we will have plenty of spare time visit the area and have a fun… (福建)
【解析】应去掉a。have fun是固定搭配，中间无须再加冠词。
(6) However, the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with students.
【解析】应在at后加the。at the same time是固定搭配，意为“同时”。
14. 主谓一致错误
第三人称单数漏掉s，或主语为复数，谓语动词用了单数；再就是就近原则对主语的影响。主谓语一致的情况较为复杂，考生平时学习要留心归纳。有些特殊句式的主谓一致问题很容易被忽视，如 倒装句、关系代词在定语从句中作主语的情况等，答题时要高度重视。如：
(1) As summer vacation are coming soon… (四川)
【解析】应把are改为is。此句句子的主语是summer vacation，所以其谓语动词应用单数。
(2) With such stories it make people think about life…(重庆)
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短文改错的设错规律
文章作者：admin 文章来源：高考英语网 点击数： 更新时间：2011-01-18
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【解析】应把make改为makes。这句话的主语是it而非stories，故谓语动词应相应用单数。谓语动词在人称和数上是否与主语保持一致，这是短文改错的考点之一。若是主语从句，动词不定式，动名词短语，学科名词，集合名词，时间，金钱，长度，重量等作主语，或together with，along with，except besides，but as well as等引导的成分修饰主语时，就要仔细检查谓语动词的单复数形式。
(3) Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they please. (全国卷)
【解析】动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，所以应把allow改为allows。
(4) But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. (江苏卷)
【解析】主语the most wonderful thing是单数形式，故应把were改为was。
(4) Their word were a great encouragement to me. (NMET)
【解析】由于句中的系动词是were，又因word作“说的话”解时是可数名词，故应将word 改为words.
(5) Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
【解析】cost应改为costs，因为其主语是it（为形式主语），且上下文均为一般现在时。
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