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动词的时态语态(三)
时态：表示动作发生或存在状态以及表现方式的一种动词形式。
语态：用来说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。
主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者或行为的主体；
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者或行为的对象
英语中，在不同时间，以不同的方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用动词的不同形式表现出来，动词的这些不同形式构成了动词的时态。一般来说，发生在现在的事情用现在的时态进行描述，发生在过去的事情，用过去的时态进行描述，将要发生的事情用将来的时态进行描述。英语中的时态共计16种，常用的有12种。
时间
方式
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现在
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过去
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将来
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过去将来
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一般
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works
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worked
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shall/ will work
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should/ would work
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进行
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am/ is/ are working
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was/ were working
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shall/ will be working
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should/ would be working
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完成
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have/ has worked
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had worked
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shall/ will have worked
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should/ would have worked
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完成进行
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have/ has been working
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had been working
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shall/ will have been working
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should/ would have been working
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在高中阶段，我们将会主要学习到的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。本次课我们主要讲解现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时
一. 现在完成时
1. 基本结构
肯定形式： have/has+done（过去分词）
否定形式： have/has+not+done（过去分词）
一般疑问句： Have/Has+…
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
2. 基本用法：
① 表示动作发生在过去，但其结果影响到现在，常用时间状语有：already, yet, now, just, by this time, so far, by now。（过发现影）
例：I have just come back from the United States.
② 表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：all day, the whole day, up to now, all one's life, so far, in the past/ last few years, "since + 时间点"，"for + 时间段"。（过发持续）
例：I have been in the library for a whole morning.
3. 注意点：
① has gone to和has been to的区别（通常出现在对话中）
has gone to 表示"已去了某地"。（现在还未回来）
has been to 表示"过去曾去过某地"。（现在已不在该地）
例：A: Where have you been recently?
B: I have been to Tianjin. （人在现场）
A: Where is your father?
B: He has gone to the library. （人不在现场）
② 动词按其动作发生的方式?发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
延续性动词表示动作的可持续性，可以和表示一段时间的状语。如：live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等。
如：We have lived in China since 2001.自从2001年以来，我们一直住在中国。
You can keep the book for two weeks.你可以借用这本书两周。
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，动作一经发生立即结束，如：buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。
如：He has been here for five days. 他已经到这儿五天了。（这里不能用has arrived here）
T The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已经开始十分钟了。（这里不能用has begun）
非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：
1. 将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
非延续性动词
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延续性动词
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buy
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have
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borrow
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keep
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open
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be open
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close
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be closed
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begin/start
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be on
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come
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be here
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leave
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be away from
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finish
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be over
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died
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be dead
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join
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be (in)
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2. 将时间状语改为过去时间，用一般过去时代替现在完成时
误：The old man has died for eight years.
正：The old man died eight years ago.
3. 用句型It is +一段时间+since +从句（从句用过去时）
It is eight years since the old man died.
③ 用在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个时间完成的动作
例：I will surf the Internet when I have finished all the housework.
④ 相关句型：
1. This/ That/ It is the first/ second/ …time (that)....意为"这/ 那是第几次……" "从句常用完成时态"为其时态的固定用法。主句为现在时，从句中用现在完成时。
例：This is the first time (that) she has been abroad. 这是她第一次出国。
2. This/That/It is the +形容词最高级+名词+that…意为这是…做过的最…的事情
例：This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影。
3. "It is+段时间 + since从句"意为"自从….以来有多长时间了"，"多长时间没有做某事了"
例：It is 10 years since I came here. 我来这里已经十年了。
It is 10 years since I worked in Xinjiang. 我不在新疆工作已经有十年了。
⑤ 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
for+一段时间：一般过去时V.S. 现在完成时
判断动作是否持续到现在：是- 现在完成时/现在完成进行时 否- 一般过去时
1. - Has Linda come back from Canada?
- Yes. She _____ there for eight years.
A. has stayed B. stays C. stayed D. had stayed
2. Liu Fang is a company CEO now, but she ____ as a teacher in a middle school for three years.
A. worked B. has worked C. works D. had worked
3. --- Your family is moving to Hawaii? Why?
--- We _______ about a change of scenery for some time.
A. have thought B. had thought
C. think D. thought
答案： C A A
二. 过去完成时
1. 基本结构
肯定形式：had+done
否定形式：had+not+done
一般疑问句： Had+…+done+…?
特殊疑问词：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
2. 用法
① 表示一个动作或一种状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在"过去的过去"，注意：只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到这一时态。常用用的时间状语有：by the end of,+过去时间，by that time, "before + 过去时间或从句"，"when + 从句"。
例：Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
The roads were full of cars; we hadn't thought of that.
② 表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有："since + 过去时间点或从句"，"for + 时间段"。
例：I had worked in a car factory for two years before I came here.
③ hope, wish, plan, want, mean(意图)，intend, think, expect等用于过去完成时态，表示过去未曾实现的"计划、打算、企图、愿望、想法"等，多译为"本想（本打算、本以为）…."
例：I had planned to send you a birthday gift.
The boy had meant to come in but we refused him.
3. 句型
① This/ That/ It is/ was the first/ second/ …time (that)....意为"这/ 那是第几次……" "从句常用完成时态"为其时态的固定用法。主句是过去时，从句用过去完成时。
例：That was the first time (that) she had been abroad. 那是她第一次出国。
② "It was + 段时间 + since从句"意为"自从….以来有多长时间了"，"多长时间没有做某事了" "主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时"为其时态的固定用法。
例：It was five years since I had seen the famous actress. 我已经有五年没有见到那位著名的女演员了。
③ "主句 + by the time + 从句"意为"到…..为止" "从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时"为其时态的固定用法。
例：The meeting had been over by the time we got there. 我们到达那里时会议已经结束了。
④ hardly…when/ no sooner…than 意为"刚（一）……就" "主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时"为其时态的固定用法。如：
例：Rose had hardly heard the news when she burst into tears. 罗斯一听到消息就哭了起来。
We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left. 我们一到达火车站，火车就启动了。
三. 将来完成时
1. 基本结构
肯定形式：sb shall/will have done sth
否定形式：sb shall/will have not done sth
一般疑问句：Shall/Will sb have done sth?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
2. 用法
将来完成时的结构是"shall/ will + have +动词的过去分词"，表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作，并对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语有："before + 将来时间"，"by + 将来时间"，before 或 by the time 引导的现在时的从句。
例：We shall have finished the work by the end of next week.
3. 句型
"主句 + by the time + 从句"意为"到…..为止"
"从句用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时/一般将来时"为其时态的固定用法。
例：I will have finished all my work by the time you come back. 到你回来时，我将已经完成所有工作了。
四. 现在完成进行时
1. 基本结构
肯定形式：sb have/has been doing sth
否定形式：sb have/has not been doing sth
一般疑问句：Have/Has sb been doing sth?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
2. 用法
现在完成进行时态多用延续性动词，如live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，并常和all the time(一直)，this week, this month, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for所引导的状语从句或短语连用（since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去）。
① 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去
例：I have been learning English since three years ago. (动作可能会持续下去)
② 表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作
We have been waiting for you for half an hour. (动作不再继续下去了)
3. 注意：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成时表示动作已完成，强调结果，而现在完成进行时侧重于动作尚未完成和仍在进行，强调的是动作。
例：I have read his latest book. 我已经读过他的新书。(动作已完成)
I have been reading his latest book. 我一直在读他的新书。(动作未完成)
She has stayed in Beijing for six weeks. 她已在北京呆了六周。(强调动作已完成)
She has been staying in Beijing for six weeks. 她在北京呆了有六周了。(强调动作的持续性)
1. 观察下列例句，将序号填入对应用法之后的空白栏中
时态
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用法
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现在完成时
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“过发现影”：过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，常与already，just，yet等连用
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“过发持续”：过去发生的动作持续到现在，常与so far, until now, “for+时间段”，“since+时间点连用”
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固定句型：
This/It is the first/second/last time that+现在完成时
This/It is the+形容词最高级+名词+that+现在完成时
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过去完成时
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“过去的过去”：表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，常与“by+过去时间”或“by the time+
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现在完成进行时
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表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去,常与“for+时间段”或者“since+时间点连用”
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⑴ I received a letter from a friend yesterday. We had not heard from each other since 1990
⑵ I hope we'll have got the instructions (说明书) ready before you come tomorrow.
⑶ We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but we failed to.
⑷ I had no sooner returned than he called.
⑸ I have been waiting an hour and he still hasn't turned up.
⑹ I have cleaned the house. It's tidy now.
⑺ I have watched him several times.
⑻ It is the first time that I have visited the Beijing Zoo.
⑼ I am very tired. I have been working all morning.
⑽ We have discussed the topic (for) the last 3 weeks.
⑾ This is the most terrible movie that I have ever watched.
2. 单项选择
1. So far a large number of volunteers ______ in Ya'an to help the survivors.
A. have arrived B. are arriving C. has arrived D. is arriving
2. It was the first time that I _____ the movie, and I fell in love with it at once.
A. was watching B. was watching
C. have watched D. had watched
3. Kate still can not go to school .She ______sick since last Monday .
A. had been B. was C. has been D. is
4. Jonny, I can't believe how much you have changed! You _____ at least one foot!
A. grow B. grew
C. have grown D. are growing
5. --- How long did you own your first car?
--- We ____ it for six months before it was stolen.
A. had owned B. owned C. has owned D. would own
6. --- Jack, do you know anything about Doctor Brown?
--- I ______ to him for years. I don't see how anyone else could do better.
A. went B. will go
C. had gone D. have been going
7. --- Have you received your new shoes?
--- Yes. And at the same time I got the jacket I _____.
A. had ordered B. ordered C. have ordered D. order
8. --- Why do you want to apply for the position as a history teacher?
--- This is the job that I ______.
A. looked for B. had looked for
C. will look for D. have been looking for
9. --- Guess what? I happened to meet Johnson in the street last Friday.
--- If my memory serves me correctly, you ____ each other for ages.
A. haven't seen B. hadn't seen C. didn't see D. don't see
10. When she entered the police station, she recognized the man who ______ her at once.
A. was attacking B. attacked
C. had attacked D. would attack
11. --- This is the most exciting movie I have ever watched.
--- Where did you get that DVD? I ______ to find it since last summer.
A. was trying B. tried
C. had tried D. have been trying
12. With its rapid growth in population, the city _____in all directions in the last five years.
A. spreads B. had spread C. spread D. has spread
13. Since he left our school last August, Mr. Newman ______ on a photography exhibition.
A. worked B. is working\
C. had worked D. has been working
14. My father _____ away for two months．I want to do something special for him when he comes back next week.
A. will be B. has been C. was D. had been
15. --- The battery in my cell phone is running low.
--- I that last night before we went to bed.
A. was noticing B. have noticed
C. would notice D. had noticed
3. 翻译练习
① 到目前为止，我已到纽约去过三次。
___________________________________________________________________
② 这是她第一次读这本书。
___________________________________________________________________________
③ 当我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经结束了。
_________________________________________________________________________
④ 这是我迄今为止吃过的最好吃的汉堡。
___________________________________________________________________________
⑤ 到下个月末，我们将会完成所有的工程。
___________________________________________________________________________
⑥ 她一看到妈妈就哭了出来。
___________________________________________________________________________
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