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2011暑假必备宝典之高一英语知识点总结Unit19-20

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  【考例3】(2005辽宁) Could you please tell me where
  you bought the shoes you ____ yesterday?
      A. tried on    B. put on
      C. had on    D. pulled on
  [考查目标] 此题主要考查“动词 + on”的短语用法。
  [答案与解析]C   句子的意思明显是表达“穿”的意思
  (表状态)。而try on 的意思是“试穿”,put on 的意思是
  “穿”。但强调的是动作,pull on 也表穿戴的意思,表动
  作,多指袜子或帽子等。
  【考点2】含“动词+back"的短语
  ① come back 回来
  ② bring sb back 送回某人
  ③ bring...back to life 使苏醒,使生动,使活泼
  ④ bring back 拿回来,使恢复。使回想起
  ⑤ go back 回去
  ⑥ get...back 退还,送回去,取回
  ⑦ get back 回来,取回
  ⑧ date back to 回溯至,追溯到
  ⑨ take back 收回,取回
  ⑩ keep back 隐瞒不讲,扣留,阻止
  ⑩ hold bac k阻止
  [例句] Her stay among the mountains brought her back
  to health. 她在山中逗留使得她恢复了健康。
  This custom dates back to the Tang Dynasty. 这种风俗
  可追溯到唐朝。
  I apologize to you, now I will take back what I said. 我
  向你道歉,现在我愿意收回我所说的话。
  He may be telling the truth but he is keeping something
  back. 他也许在说实话,但是他在隐瞒什么。
  His story brought back our happy childhood together.
  这个故事把我带到了我们在一起时的快乐童年。
  【考例2】(2004 全国卷I) You can take anything from
  the shelf and read, but pleas ____ the books when
  you've finished with them.
      A. put on    B. put down
      C. put back    D. put off
  [考查目标] 此题主要考查put短语的用法。
  [答案与解析]C   put on 穿戴,上演;put down 记下,放
  下;put back 放回原处;put off 推迟。本句话的意思是“从
  书架上你可以拿任何东西来读,但是读完后请放回原处”。
      ☆词语比较☆
  1. product, production, produce
    这组词均指通过劳动或努力而生产形成的产品。
    product 是最普通的词,多指某种自然或人工的产品
    或产物,还指文学或艺术方面的作品。
    production 指产品时,常限于人工产品,包括智力和
    艺术劳动产品。亦为戏剧或电影中的常用词。用在
    抽象的意义上,表示“生产;产量”。
    produce 是个集合名词,指自然产品,特别是农业产
    品而非工业品。
    She is the product Of talented parents.
    她是她天资卓越的父母的产物。
    Production of iron has increased in the last few years.
    最近几年铁的产量增加了。
    The farmers brought their produce to town early each
    Saturday.
    农民们每星期六一早把农产品带到镇上去。
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  2. guide, conduct, lead
    作为动词三者都有“领”“导”或“引”的含义。它们的
    区别在于:guide (抽象名词guidance;具体名词guide
    “向导”) 是通用词,可以用于“为别人带路”“指导别
    人的学习、品行修养”,它的内涵是避免走弯路或遇
    到危险。而conduct (抽象名词conductance“传导
    力”;具体名词conductor"向导者”,公共汽车等的“售
    票员”) 在表示“指导、引导”时含有明显的主从关系,
    即被引导者不服从是不可以的。lead (抽象名词
    leadership"领导”;具体名词leader"领袖、领队”)可以
    表示“领导、带路”,但它总含有领导者走在前面,而
    把被领导者控制在自己的权威之下,或被领导者处
    于秩序井然的状态中的意思。
    Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding
    the dead on their return journey to the other world.
    数千只灯笼慢慢向大海漂去,给死人返回阴间指明
    道路。
    At the top of the bank my guide paused and looked
    back at me.
    我的向导在河岸上稍停了一下,并且回头看了看我。
    He is now studying under the guidance of Professor
    Green.
    他现在正在格林教授的指导下学习。
  3. happen, take place, breakout, occur
    (1) happen 往往表示偶然性的没预料到的事情的“发
    生”。
    How did the accident happen? You'd better let me
    know.
    (2) take place 表示必然性的“发生”或指是布置或策
    划好某事后“举行”的。
    Great changes have taken place in our country these
    years.
    这些年我国发生了巨大的变化。
    (3) break out 表示地震、战争、火灾、疾病等“突然发
    生”、“爆发”
    A fire broke out in the neighborhood last night.
    (4) occur 相当于 happen
    It is said that the traffic accident OCCUlTed at midnight.
    [联想] 主语 (人) + happen + 动词不定式
    It (形式主语) + happen + that从句 (真正的主语)
    I happened to see him in the street. (碰巧、恰巧)
  4. sure, certain, confident
    意思都是“确信的”。sure强调“主观上确信无疑
    的”。certain 指“有充分根据或理由而相信的”。
    confident 强调“对某人(物)坚信的或满怀信心的”。
    be sure to 中的sure 不能改为certain。
    I'm sure you don't mean it.
    我相信你是无意的。
    This letter made me certain 0f his innocence.
    这封信使我相信他是无罪的。
    He's confident he will win.
    他坚信他会赢。
    [词组] be certain of 确信;深信
    be certain to 必然;一定
    be not certain whether... 不能确定是否……
    for certain 肯定地;确凿地
    make certain (of, that) 把……弄清楚;把……弄确
    实;保证
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  5. late, later, latest, lately
    late 是形容词或副词,表示“晚,迟”;later 是副词,表
    示“以后,后来”,常单独使用或放于一段时间之后;
    latest 是形容词,表示“最近的”;lately 是副词,表示
    “最近,近来”。
    He went to bed late last night.
    他昨晚睡得很迟。
    I shall call again later.
    我过会儿再打电话。
    People want to buy the latest newspaper, nobody wants
    to buy yesterday's.
    人们都要买最新的报纸,没人要买昨天的。
    Have you seen him lately?
    你近来见到过他吗?
  6. deep, deeply
    deep 既可作形容词,又可作副词,表示动作与事物的
    具体深度,注意习惯搭配。deep into, go deep, be
    buried deep,drink deep(痛饮);deeply为副词,常用
    于修饰形容词、分词以及含有抽象意义的动词。
    Our teacher often work deep into the night.
    我们老师常常工作到深夜。
    Her faith goes very deep.
    她的信仰很坚定。
    We are deeply moved by what she said and did.
    她的言行使我们深受感动。
    I'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.
    我非常感激你对我的劝告。
  7. year after year, year by year
    year after year 意为“年复一年地”,常用来表示每年
    重复,在句中作状语,类似的结构还有:day after day;
    month after month; one after another; letter after
    letter;而 year by year 表示逐渐的变化过程,类似的
    结构还有:day by day; little by little (逐渐地)。
    My grandfather grows older year by year.
    我爷爷一年年老了。
    We call on our teachers on Teachers’Day year after
    year.
    我们年年教师节都要看望老师。
      ☆句型诠释☆
  1. What do you think causes these changes?
    你认为是什么(原因)引起这些变化的?
    What effects do you think the changes in eating habits
    will have on agriculture and nature?
    你认为这些饮食变化对农业和自然会起什么作用?
    句中 do you think 是插入语,经常位于疑问词(组)
    后,有时也可放在句尾。
    Where do you think our English teacher comes from?
    你认为我们的英语老师来自哪里?
    Who do you think the old lady is?
    你认为那老太太是谁?
    What is it, do you think?
    你认为这是什么?
  2. To make as much ase of the land as possible, two or
    more crops ale planted each year where possible.
    为了充分利用土地,在有条件的地方,每年种植两季
    以上的庄稼。
    句中 as possible和 where possible 是 as it is possible 和
    where it is possible的省略形式,在类似结构中it is /
    was常常被省略。as...as possible是固定的结构,表
    示“尽可能……”。
    We need to send the letter off as soon as possible.
    我们有必要尽可能快地把这封信寄出去。
    Hold your breath for as long as possible.
    屏住呼吸,时间越长越好。
    Fill the words in the blanks where necessary.
    在需要的地方填上单词。
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  3. Not only is food production important but also taking
    care of the environment.
    粮食牛产固然重要,环保也很重要。
    (1)当 not only...but (also)... 连接两个并列分句
    时,前一个分句要用部分倒装,即部分谓语(助动词、
    系动词、情态动词)提到主语之前,第二个分句不要
    倒装。有时后一个分句与前一个分句的相同部分可
    以省略。(2) 当not only...but (also)...连接两个主
    语时,其谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。
    Not only did he speak more correctly but he spoke more
    easily.
    他不仅讲话更正确,而且讲得也较不费劲了。
    Not only the students but also the teacher is interested
    in the TV play.
    不仪学生们而儿老师也对这部电视剧感兴趣。
  4. Much of the wisdom discovered by early Chinese
    scientists is still useful for farmers and gardeners.
    中国古代科学家所发现的大量知识和经验,对于今
    人的农民和园艺工仍然有用。
    句中 discovered by early Chinese scientists是过去分
    词短语作后置定语,相当于which was discovered by
    …。过去分词短语作定语一般具有以下特点:(1)
    放在修饰侧的后面。(2)与修饰词构成被动关系。
    (3)相当于一个灰示被动的定语从句。单个的过去
    分词作定语一般放在修饰词的前面,在个别情况下
    放在修饰词之后。
    The system used in this school is very successful.
    这学校使用的系统很成功。
    There is a red car parked outside the house.
    房子外边停着一辆红色汽车。
    The window broken in the stoml has now been
    repaired.
    在暴风雨中打破了的窗户,已经修好了。
  5. What comedians have in common with the players in a
    comedy is their way of playing with words.
    滑稽演员与喜剧演员,共间点在于说话玩弄词藻。
    句中what引导的从句为主语从句。(have)...in
    common (with) 表示“和……有共同之处”的意思。
    OUt of common 则表示“异乎寻常;不平常”的意思。
    They have a lot in common.
    他们有许多共同之处。
    I haven't a thing in common with my father.
    我与父亲格格不入。
    He had noticed nothing out of common.
      他没有发现异乎寻常的事。
    6. I remember that the last time we met I did most of the
      talking, so perhaps I should Iet you do the talking this
      time.
      我记得,上次见面时主要是我讲话,因此,也许这次
      应该让你讲话了。
      句中 the last time 为连词引导时间状语从句。引导
      时间状语从句的词组有as soon as, hardly...when,
      no sooner...than, the moment, by the time, every
      time, each time 等。
      The moment I saw him, I recognised him.
      我一见到他,就认出了他。
      He had hardly finished the article when the light went
      out.
      他刚写完论文,灯就熄了。
      No sooner had she arrived than she went away again.
  她刚到就又走了。
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  【句型归纳】
  【考点l】It is on this arable land that the farmers produce
  food for the whole population of China. 就在这些耕地
  上,农民们生产了供给全中国人口的粮食。
  It was from the early 1990s that scientists started to de-
  velop new techniques to increase agricultural production
  without harming the environment. 90年代初,科学家开
  始了新的技术,在不损害环境的基础上增加农业产量。
  该两句中的it用于强调句型。
  it可以用来改变句子的结构,使句子的某些成分受到强
  调。强调的基本句型结构为:It is / was + 被强调部分
  + that + 句子的剩余成分。
  强调句型可分别强调主语、宾语、地点状语、时间状语
  等。例如:
  It was at Christmas that Jack gave Jane a beautiful red
  rose. 就是在圣诞节。杰克送给简一朵漂亮的红玫瑰。
  注意:
  1. 强调人时,that可以换成who。
  2. 当被强涮部分较复杂时,特别记住不能漏写了that。
    例如:
    It was not until he came back at midnight that I left.
    直到他半夜回来,我才离开。
  3. 强调句型用于疑问句时,注意语序。例如:
    When and where was it that Liu xiang broke the
    Olympic record? 到底在何时何地。刘翔打破了奥运
    会记录呢?
  【考例】】(2003上海) It is these poisonous products
   ____ can cause the symptoms of the flue, such as
  headache and aching muscles.
      A. who    B. that
      C. how    D. what
  [考查目标] 强调句型。
  [答案与解析]B  根据以上的解释.本句强调主语,又
  指物,所以用that。
  【考点2】What do you think is the most important thing
  in yourjob7你认为在你工作当中最重要的是什么?
  该句中宾语从句的引导词what位于句首,构成一种特
  殊句式。在由 do you think / believe / suppose / expect
  / imagine 等词引导宾语从旬时,需要把宾语从句的引
  导阋位于句首,构成一种特殊的疑问句“疑问词 + do
  you think / believe / suppose / expect / imagine + 宾语
  从句剩余成分”。例如:
  When do you suppose he came back to his motherland?
  你认为他什么时候回到祖国的?
  Which team do you think will Wi’ll the World Cup?你认
  为哪一个队将赢得l什界杯?
  【考例2】(NMET】991)
  -- We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
  -- What do you suppose ____ to her?
      A. was happening    B. to happen
      C. has happened    D. having happened
  [考查目标]疑问词 + do you think / suppose / believe
  +宾语从句剩余成分”。
  [答案与解析]C  根据以上的解释,需要填what的谓
  语动词,所以用has happened。
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  【考点3】Dating back to the Qin Dynasty (221—207BC),
  the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows,
  have made people all over China roar with laughter for
  centuries. 传统的相声表演可以追溯到秦朝(公元前
  221—207年),已经使中国人笑了千百年了。
  该句中的“dating back to...”在句中作定语,相当于定语
  从句which dated back to或which dated from。
  v-ing在句中可以作定语。注意它们在句子中与所修饰
  的名词的逻辑关系。如果表示主动关系,用v-ing;表示
  被动关系,则用being done。例如:
  Do you see the girl dancing with your brother? (定语)
  你看到那个正在与你弟弟跳舞的姑娘了吗?
  The building being built now is our lab. (定语)正在修
  建的大楼是我们的实验室。
  【考例3】(2000上海)Will those ____ the children
  from abroad come the headmaster's office?
      A. teaching    B. teach
      C. who teaches    D. who teaching
  [考查目标]v-ing作定语。
  [答案与解析]A   根据以上解释,用非谓语动词。teach
  与those关系是主动关系,所以用teaching。
  【考点4】It's their clothes, makeup and the way they talk
  that makes people. 逗人笑的是他们的衣着,装扮和走
  路的姿势。
  该句中的 they talk 作 the way 的定语从句。
  the way充当先行词时,一定要注意“顾后”,即the way
  在定语从句中所作的成分。如果 way 是作宾语或表
  语,关系词要用that或which;如果way作状语,关系词
  要用that,in which或不填。例如:
  This is the only way that you can find. 这是你能找到
  的惟一的方法。
  She is fond of the way the famous Japanese actor
  smokes. 她喜欢那位日本男影星抽烟的姿势。
  I don't like the way that (in which) he speaks to his
  mother. 我不喜欢他对他妈妈说话的方式。
  【考例4】(2004湖北) What surprised me was not what
  hc said but ____ he said it.
      A. the way    B. in the way that
      C. in the way    D. the way which
  [考查目标]定语从句与并列连词“not...but...”。
  [答案与解析]A  not…but…连接两个表语成分;the
  way引导定语从句,而且在从句中作状语,选theway。
  [牛刀小试3]
  1. I can't understand the way ____ you worked out
    the math problem.
      A. in which    B. with which
      C. how    D. which
  2. It was ____ back home after the experiment.
    (2004湖北)
      A. not until midnight did he go
      B. until midnight that he didn't go
      C. not until midnight that he went
      D. until midnight when he didn't go
  3. Why!I have nothing to confess. ____ you want
    me to say?(2004上海)
      A. What is it that  B. What it is that
      C. How is it that    D. How it is that
  4. Reading is an experience quite different from watc—
  hing TV; there are pictures ____ in mind instead
   0f before your eyes. (2004广西)
      A. to form    B. form
      C. forming    D. having formed
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      【交际速成】
  【考点1】Giving advice and making decisions 提建议 (劝
  告) 和作决定
  (2005 浙江二模)
  -- Since you can't find a better job,why don't you stick
    to the present one?
  -- Well, ____.
      A. I believe not    B. I don't care
      C. Never mind    D. I might as weIl
  [答案与解析]D  本题考查对提出劝告的应答用语。
  “I might as well (stick to the present one)”表示“那我
  还是坚持做目前的工作”。may / might as well do不
  妨做,无妨做(比had better更委婉)。
  【归纳】英语中表示劝告和作决定的用语有:
  ① You'd better go to see the doctor.
  ② You should listen to and read English every day.
  ③ You need to buy a Chinese-English dictionary.
  ④ Don't rush / hurry / push.
  ⑤ Please stand in line.
  ⑥ If I were you, I'd phone him now.
  ⑦ In my opinion you should...
  ⑧ The other idea sounds better to me...
  ⑨ As far as I can see the best thing would be to...
  ⑩ Wouldn't it be better if...?
  ⑩ I think he is right...
  ⑩  We can't do both, so...
  ⑩ We have to make a choice...
  【考点2】Expressing intentions and plans 表达打算和计
  划
  (2005武汉模拟)
  -- Hi, I hear you're going to the World Park this week—
    end.
  -- ____, I was going to, but l changed my plan.
      A. Actually    B. Finally
      C. Usually    D. Normally
  [答案与解析]A  本题考查谈论计划的交际用语。根
  据语境,答语意为“实际上,我本来打算要去的,但是我
  改变了计划”。
  【归纳】英语中表示打算和计划的常见用语有:
  (询问某人的打算和计划)
  ① Are you going to leave for Singapore?
  ② Do you mean / plan to apply for the position?
  ③ Have you decided to support him?
  ④ What do you mean / intend to do?
  ⑤ What are you doing this evening?
  ⑥ Will you be there?
  ⑦ What are you going to do?
  (说明自己的打算和计划)
  ① I will...
  ② I'm going to...
  ③ I intend to...
  ④ I hope to...
  ⑤ I plan / want to...
  ⑥ I wish to...
  ⑦ I've decided (not) to...
  ⑧ I hope not to...
  ⑨ I'm thinking of...
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  [牛刀小试4]
  1. -- I think the company may not offer you a good pay.
  -- ____, I won't take the job.
      A. That is to say    B. What is more
      C. In other words    D. In that case
  2. -- When are you leaving for London?
  -- My plan ____ at three tomorrow afternoon.
      A. is taking off    B. is about to take off
      C. takes off    D. will take off
  3. -- I hear that Bai Shan can't afford his schooling this
      fall.
  -- ____, let's do something for him.
      A. If so    B. Where possible
      C. When necessary  D. What a shame
  4. -- I'm going downtown.
  -- Come on. ____.
      A. You're welcome  B. I'll give you a lift
  C. Don't do that    D. Come with me
   ☆精典题例☆
  (  )1. ____ straight on and you'll see a church. You
      won't missing it. (2004湖北)
      A. Go    B. Going
      C. If you go    D. Wheng going
      【解析】选A  “祈使句 + and + 陈述句”的句式相当
  于含有if条件句的复合句。
  (  )2. ____ the programme,they have to stay there
      for another two weeks. (2004  广东)
      A. Not completing
      B. Not completed
      C. Not having completed
      D. Having not completed
      【解析】选C  not having completed是分词的完成式
  的否定结构,在句中表原因。
  (  )3. The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a
      few seconds to try to ____. (2003北京春季)
      A. make it out    B. make it off
      C. make it uD    D. make it over
      【解析】选A   make out意为“理解”。
  (    )4. It is said in Australia there is more land than the
      govemment knows ____. (NMET 2003)
      A. it what to do with  B. what to do it with
      C. what to do with it  D. to do what with it
      【解析】选C  what + 不定式在句中做know的宾语。
  (  )5. Americans eat ____ vegetables per person today
      as they did in 1910. (2002上海)
      A. more than twice
      B. astwice asmany
      C. twice asmany as
      D. more than twice as many
  【解析】选(:本题考查倍数的表达法。
  (   ) 6. -- Do you like ____ here'?
       -- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of
       life. Everything is so nice.  (2004  全国II)
       A. this                B. these
       C. that               D. it
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      【解析】选D此题考查代词的用法联系下文可知
  it此处是“不定指代”
  (     ) 7. Tony is going camping with ____ boys.
              A. little two other      B. two little other
              C. two other little      D. little other two
      【解析】选C  本题考查多个形容词修饰一个名词的
  用法。
  (     ) 8. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf,
          ____ five are mine.  (2004  全国)
  A. on which           B. in which
  C. of which            D. from which
      【解析】选c此句考查非限制性定语从句,且什么
  当中的几个要用of。
  (     ) 9. They had a pleasant chat ____ a cup of coffee.
              (2003  北京)
              A. for               B. with
              C. during              D. over
  【解析】选D。 over在此意为“一边……,一边……”
  (     )10. The conference had been held to discuss the
               effects of tourism ____ the wildlife in the
               area. (2003  上海)
               A. in                 B. on
               C. at                D. with
  【解析】选B此题考查固定搭配“have effects on sth.”。
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