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高三英语知识点:2010高考复习方向

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发表于 2016-7-24 09:24:58 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  认真研读高考英语试卷,明确复习备考内容和考试要求,把握复习的难点和重点。这样有的放矢,有利于提高复习备考的效率,减轻不必要的负担。
          一、 听力
          听力是与外国人直接交往中必不可少的一种语言能力。高考英语听力试题要求考生能够听懂熟悉的日常生活中发音清楚、语速较慢的简短独白和对话。听力部分分为两节。第一节由5个小题组成,每段录音材料播放一遍。考查考生理解简单的事实性信息和进行简单推理的能力。第二节由15小题组成,每段录音材料播放两遍。
          1、听力试题对考生的具体要求
          (1) 理解主旨、要义
          任何一段对话或独白总会围绕一个主旨或一个中心思想展开。有时,主旨和要义会比较明确;有时则会贯穿整个对话或独白,需要考生自己去归纳、概括。
          例如:what are the two speakers talking about?
          a. a fine boat.   b. their friend, tom.   c. the weather.
          录音材料:
          m: i hope it'll be fine tomorrow. i'm going boating with tom.
          w: oh, i think it will be fine.
          m: are you sure?
          w: yes, i heard it on the radio.
          对话中说话者开篇即说希望明天天气好,对方谈了自己知道的一些这方面的情况。由此可以明显地看出,双方在讨论天气,因此正确选项为c。
          (2) 获取事实性的具体信息
          为了说明和解释主旨,对话或独白中需要一些具体信息,如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话主旨必不可少的内容,也常常是听力考试的重点项目。
          例如:1. what did the man have to do in the morning?
          a. he fed the chickens.
          b. he cleaned the bathroom.
          c. he carried water for the family.
          2. why did the man go to school on foot?
          a. no bus ran in that direction.
          b. the school was near.
          c. his family was poor.
          3. what did the man do every sunday.
          a. he was taken to church three times.
          b. he stayed at home all day.
          c. he played in the street.
          录音材料:
          now, you want to know about life in the past. right? i can tell you. when i was a boy, things were different. i had to get up at six every morning. that was not very bad in summer, but in winter it was cold. and we didn't have any hot water in the house. we had to wash in cold water. we didn't have a bathroom. my dad had some chickens. i had to feed them every morning and then i had to walk to school with my little sister. it was two miles to school and two miles back in the evening. but it always seemed longer in the morning when we were going to school. there was a bus, but we didn't have the money. and we had to go to bed at seven o'clock every night. we couldn't watch tv because there wasn't any. on sundays we had to go to church three times---morning, afternoon and evening. and we couldn't play outside on sundays. but it wasn't all bad. we had some good times. we could go out and our parents didn't have to worry about us. there weren't so many cars on the roads then, so the streets were safe to play in. and there were not many robbers and thieves in those days. we had to work hard and we weren't able to buy all those things in the shops today. life was hard, but it was simple and people were happier. i don't think i'd like to be young today.
          1.该试题考查考生对事实性具体信息的掌握情况。 谈话者讲到,他每天早晨不得不喂父亲养的一群鸡,所以正确选项为a。
          2.该试题考查考生对事实性具体信息的掌握情况。谈话者讲到, 学校距离他家有两英里(3公里多)的距离,路上有一趟公共汽车,但是他和妹妹没有钱买票,因此正确选项为c。
          3.该试题考查考生对事实性具体信息的掌握情况。每到周日,谈话者不得不早、中、晚三次去教堂祈祷,所以正确选项为a。
          (3) 对说话的背景、说话者之间的关系等能做出简单的推理
          话语发生的背景及对话语的含义有着举足轻重的作用,如"你擦了几扇窗子啦?"在某些场合表示的意思是询问,而在另外一些场合则可能是责怪。对说话背景、说话者之间关系的理解程度,在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力,因而也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。
          例如:1. where does this conversation take place?
          a. in a shore.   b. in a factory.   c. in a museum.
          该试题考查考生对对话背景的推断能力。由双方谈话的内容及双方说话的语气等可以推断出,这是发生在售货员和顾客之间的对话,谈话的背景是商店,因此正确选项是a。
          录音材料:
          w: can i help you?
          m: yes, i bought this radio two days ago, but i'm afraid it doesn't work. i'd like to change it
          for another one.
          w: oh, dear. yes, of course. have you got your receipt?
          m: yes, here it is.
          w: thank you. just a moment, please.
          (4) 理解说话者的意图、观点或态度
          一般来说,说话者总会有说话的意图,或提出问题或回答问题,阐述自己的想法,或是表明自己的态度或意见。这在很大程度上有助于对整体对话的理解。有时,说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的,有时则隐含在对话的字里行间,需要听者自己去揣摩、推理。
          例如:what is the most probable result of the conversation?
          a. the man got his radio repaired.
          b. the man got a new receipt.
          c. the man got a new radio.
          录音材料:
          w: can i help you?
          m: yes, i bought this radio two days ago, but i'm afraid it doesn't work. i'd like to change it
          for another one.
          w: oh, dear. yes, of course. have you got your receipt?
          m: yes, here it is.
          w: thank you. just a moment, please.
          该试题考查考生对说话者态度和观点的理解情况。售货员对顾客的换货理由表示理解,并要求其出示发票,由此即可看出她对此事的态度及此事的结果:顾客换到一台新收音机,所以正确选项为c。
          从"考试说明"所给的听力试题样题分析,各语言材料的话题虽不可避免地多为"日常生活",但谈论的主题基本上各不相同。20个小题较好地反映了考试大纲对考生在听力部分的要求,其中,1个小题考查对主旨、大意的理解,10个小题考查对事实性具体信息的掌握,3个小题考查对话背景、说话者之间的关系等做出简单推理的能力,6小题考查对说话者的意图、态度或观点的理解。
          2、听力试题内容
          (1)对话部分
          试题内容主要为日常生活中一般题材,涉及人们日常生活的衣、食、住、行、工作、学习等。可分为学校、公共场所、家庭等方面,如shopping, asking the way, seeing a doctor, making a phone call等。常测试的内容包括:时间和数字、价格和数量、地点和动词、人物和事件、情景和背景等。
          (2)独白部分
          听力短文材料是题材熟悉,情节不太复杂的故事、讲话、叙述等。涉及讲英语国家的文化,包括:风俗、人情、经历等方面的普通知识,没有某一专业领域特殊知识。常测试的内容包括:情节认定、是非判断、主旨归纳、含义推理等。
          (3)词汇方面
          听力试题内容所用词汇均属口头交际用语,即最常见、使用频率最高的词和词组,无书面语,无大词、长词,无专业术语和学术用语,无俚语、行话。
          (4)语法方面
          句子结构比较简单,句型规范,多为简单句,有少量并列句和常见的主从复合句,偶尔有省略句。语法现象较为常见,时态以一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时为主,穿插少量的完成时态。
          (5)长度、语速方面
          年度   第一节   第二节   合计   语速
          2000年   116     607    723   146wpm
          2001年   164     651    815   156 wpm
          2002年   175     637    812   172wpm
          3、听力试题解题思路、要领
          (1)数字类
          人们在日常活动中经常与数字打交道,数字类试题便成为听力试题不可缺少的类型,它涵盖面广,涉及日期、时间、数码、价格、年龄、年份、季度、星期以及街道、楼房门牌号、电话号码等。
          数字类题可分为辨别型和计算型两种。辨别型亦称直接型,即答案在录音中直接给出,而书面选择项排列出几个与录音信息中近音、近形的数字,用以混淆视听、迷惑考生,以考查考生对数字的辩音、辩形能力。
          例如:how much does the man want to borrow?
          a. $ 214.   b. $ 230.   c. $ 240.
          录音材料:
          m: could you lend me $ 240?
          w: sorry. i only have $ 230.
          录音中出现两个钱数$240、$230,只要听清对话中man说的钱数,便很容易地选择c。计算类是指录音信息中至少出现两个数字,考生不仅要听清这些数字,而且要搞清楚它们之间的关系,通过快速心算来确定答案。
          例如:when did the man graduate?
          a. in 1987.   b. in 1986.   c. in 1985.
          录音材料:
          w: your brother graduated in 1986. what about you?
          m: i finished school a year later.
          该试题的关键词是1986和a year later,经过简单计算,不难选择a。
          数字类试题要领:
          1)听录音时注意-teen和-ty的区别和千以上数的辩记。
          2)注音街道、时间、汽车、电话等号码的习惯表达法。
          3)注意价格的习惯表达法。
          4)注意倍数意义的表达。如:times, twice, couple, a pair of, a half, double,等。
          5)注意一些与时间数字有关的词。如:later, early, start, ahead of, fast, slow 等。
          除了上述必备的知识外,对数字类试题,考生还可以边听边记,即一边听录音,一边在试卷的备选项中寻找该数字,并在旁边做上记号,同时排除干扰项,根据问题作出判断。
          (2)地点类
          地点类试题主要涉及谈话的地点、事件发生的地点,或谈话者来自何方及要去何方。这类试题可分为直接型和含蓄型两种。一般情况下,地点类试题比较容易辨别,通过阅读选择便一目了然。因为这些选择项大多数是由介词短语担当,或一些国家或地区的专有名词。
          例如1:where does this conversation take place?
          a. in the classroom.   b. in the restaurant.   c. in the library.
          录音材料:
          m: i'm very tired today. i've been here in the classroom all day reading and doing my homework. what about you?
          w: not too bad. but i'm hungry now. let's go to the restaurant, shall we?
          此题明确指出here in the classroom,正好与b项吻合,为直接型地点辨别题。
          例如2: where is the conversation take place?
          a. in a hotel room.   b. at a department store.   c. in a hospital.
          录音材料:
          m: is there anything i can do for you, madam?
          w: i'd like to see some curtains.
          对话中没有直接提到任何场所,属于含蓄型地点辨别试题,但是对话中提供了反映职业特点的常用句is there anything i can do for you和与环境情节有关的词some curtains, 据此考生可以推断出答案为b。
          地点类试题解题要领:
          1)抓住与特定场所有关的词、词组和句型,推断暗示的地点。熟悉这些对应关系,需要时自然就会有对应联想。例如:
          hospital: medicine, patient, fever, temperature, blood pressure, what seems to be the trouble?
          bank: account, check, interest, rate, cash, dollar, withdraw some money
          hotel: reception desk, singledouble room, check in, check out, room service
          restaurant: order, menu, bill, waiter, salad, drink, beef, it's my treat. are you ready to order now?
          store: size, color, price, fashion, cheap, pay, what can i do for you?
          2) 熟悉世界上主要国家和英、美、加拿大主要城市和名称。
          (3)人物类
          人物类试题是指根据会话内容对会话人某一方的职业、身份提问,或对会话人之间的关系提问。
          例如1:what is the woman's profession?
          a. teacher.   b. journalist.   c. student.
          录音材料:
          m: we'll be here in london sitting in a newspaper office or teaching in a classroom full of
          chalk dust.
          w: well, george, you'd be able to go out in the sunshine sometimes. you are a journalist. i'm the one who has to stay in the classroom. don't forget.
          对话中谈到了两种职业,sitting in a newspaper office和teaching in a classroom,这样就排
          除了c。此题是针对女士的职业提问的,所以答案为a,如果问题针对男士的职业问,答案便是b了。
          例如2:what probably is the relationship between the two speakers?
          a. teacher and student.   b. manager and customer.   c. interviewer and interviewee.
          录音材料:
          w: please, sit down. let's see, you are mr. smith, is that right?
          m: right.
          w: and you are looking for a job?
          m: yes, i'm. i'll graduate from college next june. i'm majoring in engineering
          从对话中的graduate,college,major等与学习有关的词汇中,可以判断出男方是学生,排除b。从女方的问话中进一步得知男方要找工作。根据找工作要进行面试这一常识,不难判断正确答案是c。该试题是考查判断会话人之间的关系。
          人物类试题解题要领:
          1)力争作到听前进行浏览预测。对试卷中所给问题和选项进行预测,如果选择项是单数名词,即问职业、角色;如选择项为复数名词或两种身份,则问的是人物之间的关系。
          2)注意体会讲话人的口气、语调、称呼,从而判断对话者之间的关系。如夫妻之间对话口气亲昵;父母与子女之间谈话语调亲切等。
          3)熟悉与职业相关的常用词汇表达,抓住与说话人身份相关的谈话内容。
          4)掌握"谁使谁做"结构,正确回答谁是动作的执行者。如have sb do, make sb do, have sth done, get sb to do等。
          (4)推理类
          推理类试题是听力测试中难度较大的试题。该类试题的特点有:1)对话双方表达意思的方式比较含蓄,甚至委婉,要求考生"听话听音",根据对话的内涵意义,利用逻辑推理思维的过程,去辨别说话人的意向、暗示、态度、要求等,然后选出正确答案。2)选择项比较长,大都由完整句子组成,且每句之间内容互不关联,含义各异,这无疑增加了阅读难度,在同样长度的间隔时间内,对阅读理解的速度提出了更高要求。3)推理类试题大多数是对what宾语部分、 why原因理由以及整个对话的含义提问。对话者通过语音、语调、重音等语音手段或否定反问、比较、强调、虚拟、转折等语法手段表达怀疑、肯定、否定、赞同、不耐烦、感叹等内涵意义。
          例如:what does the man mean?
          a. he wants to leave. b. he wants to have a break. c. he wants to continue.
          录音材料:
          w: don't you feel like having a break?
          m: i'd rather we didn't. we have no time to lose.
          女方以反问的形式请求男方休息:"你不想休息一会吗?"男方用一个虚拟语气的句型i'd rather we didn't客气地否定了对方的请求,"依我看还是别歇了",接着说明了"时间紧"这一理由。虽然男方表达的是否定意义,三个选项却都是肯定的,显然c是正确答案,相当于he doesn't want to have a break.的句型转换。
          推理类解题要领:
          1)留意对话人的语音、语调、捕捉其"选外之音"。如果说词汇是"硬件",表达的是"表层"意义,语音、语调则是"软件",表达的是"深层"意义。一般来说降调表示肯定、赞同;升调表示疑问、否定,尤其是一般疑问句用降调、陈述句用升调。例如:
          w: excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the park?
          m: there is a park around here? (表示he doesn't know about the park.)
          2)注意录音材料中的反意,即说话人的观点是反向的。反向观点的表达经常采用虚拟语气的形式,如果考生对这部分语法掌握较好,做这类试题会大有帮助。例如:
          w: what do you think of the play last night?
          m: i should have stayed home. (说明不喜欢the play)
          3)善于联想,揭示事物之间的相关性,顺藤摸瓜。例如:
          w: do you think we should invite peter over to the party?
          m: his mother is here for a visit.
          乍一听,男方似乎是答非所问,但是稍加琢磨,便可由peter的母亲来看peter联想到peter要陪他母亲的,而不可能来参加晚会这一情况。
          4)侧重but后面的信息。but表示转折,在推理类试题中出现频率极高。因为它强调的是其后句子的意义,并可根据but后面的信息推断but前的句意。but作为转折信号词尤为重要。考生在听到but时,应该立即警觉,要问的内容大多数在but之后的信息中提供。
          (5)短文听力特点及答题要点
          1)听力试题中的短文部分是难度比较大的。对话是对语句的理解;而短文部分则属于语篇水平理解,更强调整体性和逻辑性,考生不仅要听懂,而且要概括、分析、综合、记忆所接受到的信息,这一系列活动都是要在很短的时间内完成。
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发表于 2016-7-24 09:39:47 | 显示全部楼层

          2)对话内容简单,所涉及的不过是日常生活的常见话题。短文内容从某种意义上说,考生是在通过听力形式接触新东西。
          3)对话部分用词简单,结构口语化;短文部分由内容决定用词面广,信息量大,相当于准书面语言。
          4)短文部分选项设计比较长,数字计算和地点类题目相对较少,事实性、细节性题目较多。
          解题要领:
          1)根据选择项作好听前预测。
          2)注意开头和结尾,抓住主题思想和大意。
          3)仔细聆听细节,理清文章主要脉络。一般来说,提问的顺序和录音内容的展开基本是同步的。考生可以按录音的进展,根据听前的预测,初步确定答案范围。
          4)听后检查,核对答案在意义上的逻辑连贯性。
          5)如果有遗漏的信息,不要慌乱着急,留意that is, in order words, namely等解释性词句,追加理解错过的或不懂的内容。
          二、英语知识运用
          语言知识是指语言运用中比不可少的语音、语法和词汇知识。学习语言的目的是能够在具体的情景中进行交际,即听、说、读、写,但是这四种语言技能的任何一种都离不开语言知识的支撑,由此可以看出语言知识的掌握在语言学习中是非常重要,不可忽视。
          高考英语语言知识部分分为两节。第一节为单项填空有15小题,考查考生对英语语法、词汇知识和较为简单表达方法的掌握情况。第二节为完形填空有20小题,考查考生对词汇知识的掌握情况。
          1、单项填空
          该试题的特点为:内容覆盖面广,考查范围为大纲中所列的所有语法项目;重点突出,强调动词用法的考查。单项填空试题的确侧重某些英语基础知识的考查,但是它们并不是对基础知识的简单记忆能力的考查,也不是对基础知识的孤立的考查。尤其近几年"3+x"高考改革以来,所有的单项填空试题都涉及到了运用的问题。
          (1)知识覆盖面广
          考查的内容包括动词非谓语形式、时态、被动语态、情态动词、形容词比较级、代词、限定词、连词、从句、祈使句、强调句、习惯表达方法等。考生备考时需要对语法部分进行全面、细致的复习。
          (2)动词为考查重点
          "考试说明"中单项填空的15道样题中有8个是考查动词,包括动词的时态、非谓语动词、情态动词、被动语态和一个动词的词汇辩义。把动词作为考查的重点是合理的,因为动词是英语中最活跃的词类,是句子的核心成分。此外,英语动词的变化较多,形式颇为复杂,是英语学习的难点之一。考生在备考时应该在动词上多下工夫。尤其是要对高中语法重点、难点(例如:非谓语动词、定语从句等)进行强化复习。
          例如1:the managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.
          a. carry out   b. carrying out   c. carried out   d. to carry out (00年nmet)
          本试题考查过去分词的用法。正确答案为c。通过绿仅为26%。此题要求考生首先了解动词与动作主体或动作客体的逻辑关系(carry out 与the plan);并且有对复杂语句结构层次的语言知觉;有对定语从句的识别。该试题的定语从句使一些考生未能看到the plan与 carried out 之间的关系。
          例如2:_____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
          a. having suffered   b. suffering   c. to suffer   d. suffered (01年nmet)
          本题检测考生在特定语境中对动词不定式和几种分词结构的判断与使用。首先应该通过分析题干句意,来考虑动词的不同非谓语形式在表达意思上的差别,而后作出选择。正确答案为a。本句想要表达的意思是"河流已经遭受如此的污染,现在要想清理也太迟了。"后面句子的动作发生在前面动词suffer行为之后,因此,所设空中应该选用表示"已经完成"状态的-ing分词的完成式having suffered。选项b. suffering为现在分词一般式,用来表示与句中主动词同时进行或存在的情况。选项c. to suffer为不定式形式,表示一种趋势。b、c选项都不能满足题干本身需要表达的基本句意,即"it may now be too late to clean up the river,"。选项d表示被动含义,因此也与句意不合。但是该选项干扰最大。
          例如3:having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remain ____whether
          they will enjoy it.
          a. to see   b. to be seen   c. seeing   d. seen (02年nmet)
          本题是考查考生对非谓语动词形式在特定语境中使用的掌握情况。collins cobuild dictionary字典关于remain的用法有如下解释:if you say something remain to be seen, you mean it is not at all certain what will happen. 所以正确答案为b。该试题通过率仅为33%。
          例如4:a cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____in the kitchen.
          a. smoke   b. smoking   c. to smoke   d. smoked (03年nmet)
          本题考点为非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法,即句型: find sb. doing sth. 的被动用法 sb. is found doing sth. 所以正确答案为b。
          非谓语动词的理解与使用是高中教学的难点,也是高考英语单项填空试题中的失分点。所以考生在备考是要进行重点复习。
          2、完形填空
          完形填空试题是考查考生在阅读理解短文的基础上,综合运用所学词汇、语法知识的能力。从考生解题活动的本质特征上看,那种把单项语言知识简单地"对号入座"式的运用方法已经很难解决完形填空试题中的问题。英语的综合运用所涉及的解题活动是一种复杂的、高层次的思维活动,具体的要素包括:
          1)运用语篇知识和语篇分析方法在整体层面上领悟"残缺的"语篇的大概意思。
          2)在每一个具体项目上根据语篇的已知内容去推导未知内容,在这个推导过程中,考生必须在很大范围内激活尽可能多的相关知识项目,并逐一审视这些项目。
          3)依据语篇的全部已知条件对激活的相关知识项目进行审定,从而初步确定究竟哪个或哪几个相关项目恰好符合本篇中的语言运用条件。
          4)用同样的推倒方法对后续的检测项目进行审定,并随时准备对已经审定的项目进行修订和修正。
          5)依据语篇的具体情景和具体意思把几个密切相关的检测项目在头脑中归为一组进行系统的评价和权衡,并在此基础上修订和修正已经初步作出的判断。
          6)达成对语篇的尽可能确切的理解,并依据这种理解对全部检测项目的判断进行审视,必要时还要做修订和修正。
          7)通读已被"完形"的全篇,进行最后审定。
          从以上诸多要素中,我们可以认识到,所谓"综合运用"已经不是把单项试题中的那种基本运用活动简单地加在一起,而平时只注意单项知识的记忆和积累的学生是很难胜任上述那种复杂的"综合运用"型的解题活动的。从高考英语对完形填空试题的成绩统计上看,考生得分的分布情况基本正常,成绩越好的考生,"完形填空"得分也越高。下面以"考试说明"中样题为例,分析完形填空试题的特点和解题方法。
          washoe is a young chimpanzee. she is no__ 36__ chimpanzee, though. scientists are doing research __37__ her. they want to see how civilized she can __38__ . already she can do many things a human being does.
          for example, she has been learning how to exchange __39__ with people. the scientists are teaching her __40__ language. when she wants to be picked__41__, washoe points up with one finger. she rubs her teeth with her finger __42__ she wants to brush her teeth. this is done after every meal.
          washoe has also been __43__ to find answers to problem. once she was put in a __44__ with food hanging from the ceiling. it was too high to __45__ . after she onsidered the __46__ , she got a tall box to __47__ . the food was still too high to be reached. washoe found a __48__ pole. then she climbed onto the __49__ , grasped the pole, and __50__ down the food with the pole.
          washoe __51__ like a human, too. the scientists keep her in a fully furnish house. after a hard __52__ in the lab, she goes home. __53__ she plays with her toys. she __54__ enjoys watching television before going to bed.
          36. a. foolish   b. simple   c. special   d. ordinary
          37. a. for     b. on     c. to      d. by
          38. a. experience b. change   c. develop   d. become
          39. a. actions   b. views    c. messages   d. feelings
          40. a. human    b. sign     c. spoken    d. foreign
          41. a. out     b. at     c. on      d. up
          42. a. when     b. until    c. since    d. while
          43. a. trained   b. raised   c. ordered   d. led
          44. a. hole     b. zoo     c. room     d. museum
          45. a. pull     b. see     c. eat     d. reach
          46. a. problem   b. position  c. food     d. ceiling
          47. a. stand by   b. stand on  c. stand up   d. stand with
          48. a. straight   b. strong   c. long     d. heavy
          49. a. wall     b. box     c. ceiling   d. pole
          50. a. knocked   b. picked    c. took     d. pulled
          51. a. lives    b. works    c. thinks    d. plays
          52. a. task     b. lesson    c. time     d. day
          53. a. but     b. there    c. so      d. besides
          54. a. quite    b. already   c. even     d. still
          55. a. see     b. answer    c. learn    d. gain
          (答案:36. d 37. b 38. d 39. c 40. b 41. d 42. a 43. a 44. c 45. d 46. a
          47. b 48. c 49. b 50. a 51.a 52. d 53. b 54. c 55. c )
          解答完形填空试题,有时只需读懂考点所在的句子,有时则必须读懂邻近的句子,甚至是上一段或下一段的有关内容。样题中的短文有10个是逾越句子层次才能选出正确选项(如:第40、43、44、45、49、51、53、54),这在一定程度上说明了通读理解全文的重要性。完形填空试题考查的另一个重点是词汇意义及用法,20个空中有17个测试的是考生对实义词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)的掌握情况,这在一定程度上能够间接考查考生在特定的语境中运用词汇的能力。除了以上两个重点外,试题还设有考查惯用法、搭配、常识、逻辑推理的小题。这就要求考生答题时必须从各方面认真考虑。例如:
          1)从上下文的角度考虑
          在解答完形填空试题时,第一步要通读全文,因为许多试题只有通过上下文才能正确解答。例如:第36小题:
          washoe is a young chimpanzee. she is no ___36___ chimpanzee, though….
          a. foolish   b. simple   c. special   d. ordinary
          该试题四个选项的任何一个填入空缺中都可以使该句语法正确、语义通顺,但是下文的有关内容说明,只有ordinary为正确选项。
          第40小题:
          the scientists are teaching her __40___language….
          a. human   b. sign   c. spoken   d. foreign
          该试题不理解下文的内容根本无法解答。下文讲到"…washoe points up with one finger. she rubs her teeth with her finger…."这显然不是 "human, spoken, or foreign language",而是 "sign language"。
          2)从词汇意义及用法的角度考虑
          完形填空试题中考查词汇意义及用法的题目逐年增加。做好这类试题,必须有较大的词汇量,还应该能够结合上下确定词义。例如36、50小题分别考查考生对形容词和动词意义的掌握情况。考生首先应该懂得四个选项中所有单词的含义,并读懂上下文,才能做出正确判断。
          3)从逻辑推理、常识角度考虑
          逻辑推理和生活常识是命题人员经常考虑的一个考点。例如:第44小题:
          once she was put in a __44__ with food hanging from the ceiling.
          a. hole   b. zoo   c. room   d. museum
          句子中提到"ceiling",由此可以推断出是"room"。
          第48小题:
          the food was still too high to be reached. washoe found a ___48___ pole.
          a. straight   b. strong   c. long   d. heavy
          由于食品被放在太高的地方,由此推断要找"a long pole",而非"a straight, strong or heavy pole"。
          4)从惯用法和搭配的角度考虑
          惯用法和搭配也是完形填空试题考查的项目之一。例如:第37小题:
          scientists are doing research __37___ her.
          a. for   b. simple   c. special   d. ordinary
          该试题考查考生对几个介词的掌握情况,do research on sb 为固定搭配。
          第52小题:
          after a hard __52___in the lab, she goes home.
          a hard day也可以看作是固定搭配。
          以上谈到了做完形填空试题应该考虑的几个方面,但是这并不意味着每个题仅从一个方面进行分析。很多情况下,只有从词义、上下文、生活常识等多个角度考虑才能选出正确选项。因此,提笔做题前一定要通读全文,做题时一定要考虑上下文的有关内容。简言之,解题思路为:通读-选择-核对。
          三、阅读理解
          阅读理解试题要求:
          阅读文章是中国学生接触外语的最主要途径,因此,高考英语试卷中阅读理解试题是全卷占权重较大的一部分。"考试说明"中关于阅读理解试题对测试的要求主要有以下5个方面:
          1)掌握所读材料的主旨和大意,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。
          2)既理解字面意思,也理解抽象的概念。
          3)既理解字面意思,也理解深沉含义,包括作者的态度、意图等。
          4)既理解某句、某段的意义,也理解全篇的逻辑关系,并具此进行推理和判断。
          5)既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解,也能结合应具有的常识去理解。
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发表于 2016-7-24 10:11:07 | 显示全部楼层

          归纳起来就是:在阅读中准确获得信息的能力以及推断隐含意义的能力。考生需要运用自身所具备的语法、词汇等语言知识以及其他方面的常识与经验在阅读中获取所需要的信息;其关键在与准确。除此之外,较高层次的理解则还要求考生能透过字面意思理解深层含义,如作者写某段、某句,及使用某一措辞时的真实意图与态度等等。
          "考试说明"规定,阅读理解部分提供5篇短文,总长度为1000词。短文选材题材体裁多样。样题5篇短文中,a篇是一个小故事,为记叙文;b篇是关于生物间相互依存的小科普文,为说明文;c篇是关于噪音问题的科普文,为说明文;d篇是一个小启示,讲述的是学校假期间的日程安排,为应用文;e篇是从报纸新闻部分摘录的一段资料,也属于应用文。样题20个小题中较好地反映了大纲对考生的要求,其中考查主旨要义的有1个,考查细节的9个,考查推测生词词义的1个,考查简单推理和判断的6个,考查文章基本结构的1个,考查作者写作意图的2个。例如 (说明样题):
          a
          we walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't lift her eyes from the book.. mum pointed at a big chair by the door and i knew she wanted me to sit down. while i wanted, mouth open in surprise, mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. she walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a mop. she pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, mum nodded and said, "very dirty floors."
          "yes. i'm very glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered. she looked at mum strangely and said, "but aren't you working late?"
          mum just pushed harder, each swipe of the mop taking her farther and father down the hall. i watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.
          after a long time mum came back. her eyes were shining. she quickly put the mop back and took my hand. as we turned to go out of the door, mum nodded politely to the nurse and said, "thank you."
          outside, mum told me; "dagmar is fine. no fever."
          "you saw her, mum?"
          "of course. i told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. dad will stop worrying as well. it's a fine hospital. but such floor! a mop is no good. you need a brush."
          b
          most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership which is good for both of them. you may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. this is not because they want a ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites(寄生虫)on sheep. the sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort. so although they can manage without each other, they do better together.
          sometimes an animal has a plant partner. the relationship develops until the two partner cannot manage without each other. this is so in the corals(珊瑚)of the sea. in their skins they have tiny plants which act as "dustmen", taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. if the plants are killed, or are even prevented from receiving light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die.
          c
          the idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange, but that's exactly what motor engineers are doing in germany and some other countries. car makers' research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise.
          physicists have known about the technique for a long time. sound is made up of pressure waves in the air. if two sound waves of the same frequency mix so that the highest point of one wave happens at the same time as the lowest point of the other wave, the result is no sound. therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise. using this technique many car makers are racing to develop noise-killing systems both inside and outside the cars.
          another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer; this not only reduces the weight of a car, buy also makes the motor burn less fuel and work better.
          some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars within a few years. but the car makers haven't decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.
          d
          during the summer holiday there will be a revised schedule of services for the students. changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall. weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged, will be posted each wednesday outside of the student club.
          in the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every hour on the half hour during the day. the dining-room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 pm on weekends. the library will continue its usual hours during the week, but have shorter hours on saturday and sundays. the weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 pm.
          e
          events
          bicycle tour and race
          a bike tour will be held on august 26 and 27 (sat. & sun.). at 5:30 am, the riders will leave tian'anmen square and ride the first 35km as a training leg. then the next 55-kilometer leg, from yanjiao to jixian, will be the first competition part of the tour. the riders and their bikes will then be taken from jixian to changli.
          the second racing leg of the tour will be from changli to the seaside at nandaihe, covering a distance of 20 kilometers. saturday night includes the stay at nandaihe and supper. sunday morning is free at the seaside. at noon all the people and their bikes will be taken back to beijing.
          cost: 200 yuan
          telephone: 64675027
          brazilian footballers
          the brazilian football club will play beijing guo'an team at the workers stadium on august 26. the club has four national team players. also coming is 1994 us world cup star romario who has promised to play at least 45 minutes.
          ticket prices: 60, 100, 150 yuan
          time/date: 4:30 pm, august 26 (sat.)
          telephone: 65012372
          rock climbing
          the third national rock climbing competition will be held on august 26 and 27 at the huairou mountain-climbing base. more than 10 teams from beijing, wuhan, dalian, jilin, and other places will take part in it. a japanese team will give an exhibition of climbing. free for spectators.
          take a long-distance bus from dongzhimen to huairou.
          time/dates: 9~12 am, august 26 and 27
          telephone: 67143177, 67144850, wang zhenhua
          第64小题 (主旨要义b篇)
          what does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
          a. some animals and plants depend on each other for existence.
          b. some animals and plants develop their relationship easily.
          c. some plants depend on each other for food.
          d. some animals live better together.
          该试题考查对某一段落主旨要义的掌握情况。该段第一句"sometimes an animal has a plant partner."为主题句,明确说明了要谈的是动物和植物间的伙伴关系,紧接着用具体事例说明有些动物和植物之间存在着密切的相互依存关系,所以正确答案为a。考生必须通读理解整段大意,全面理解作者意图,才能真正把握准段落的主旨。
          第66小题 (细节c篇)
          besides its main use the noise-killing system can _____.
          a. make a car lighter
          b. make a car quieter
          c. reduce the cost of a silencer
          d. improve the performance of a silencer
          该试题考生对短文倒数第2段this not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less fuel and work better一句的理解情况。reduces the weight of a car的意思相当于选项中的make a car lighter,所以答案为a。
          第73小题 (猜测词义e篇)
          the underlined word "leg" in "bicycle our and race" probably means _____.
          a. race   b. practice   c. part of the training   d. part of the tour
          该试题考查考生根据上下文对熟悉单词的生疏词义的推断情况。leg本来是考生非常熟悉的一个单词,意思是"腿",但在该文章此意显然不可接受。从句意"then, the next 55km leg,…,will be the competitive part of tour. "中推断出正确答案为d。
          第56小题 (推理判断a篇)
          when she took a mop from the small room what mum really wanted to do was_____.
          a. to clean the floor   b. to please the nurse
          c. to see a patient    d. to surprise the story-teller
          该试题考查从字里行间推断未言明信息的能力。从短文的有关内容可以推动出,mum拿拖把的目的是麻醉看门护士,以便进病房看dagmar, 所以正确答案为c。
          第62小题 (文章结构b篇)
          the underlined word "they" in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to _____.
          a. birds and parasites   b. birds and sleep
          c. parasites and sheep   d. sheep, birds and parasites
          本段中谈到了birds, sheep, parasites三种生物,但是they前面的一个句子中谈的仅仅是birds,sleep之间的关系,且该句的含义也说明they指代的是birds,sleep,因此b为正确答案。
          第72小题 (作者意图c篇)
          the main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about_____.
          a. visiting teams   b. things to do for the weekend
          c. famous players   d. prices to pay for the sports events
          该小题考查考生对作者意图及短文主旨要义的理解情况。题干中已经说明作者的写作意图是向读者提供一些信息。信息的具体内容由各项活动的内容和举办时间即可看出:周末可以选择的业余活动,因此b为正确答案。
          阅读理解试题解题"三步法":
          1)"略读"(skim=read quickly to get the main ideas),其主要目的除在于要了解短文主题及大意,还要辨识文体,以利于掌握短文全篇结构。记叙文常在开头交待出背景,然后以人物活动的时间、地点、为线索铺述情节的发展;说明文则应该注意其中心、主题,以及如何围绕中心展开所作的阐述,弄清层次,段落中常有主题句,也可以提供重要线索,帮助我们尽快地掌握短文的中心主旨。
          2)通读题干,做到"心中有数"之后,再将短文读第而遍,这样以寻找某些特定信息为目的的快速阅读(scan=look at quickly without careful reading, often looking for a particular thing); 按照题干所规定的范围与方向,逐题选出最佳答案;如果遇到要归纳或推断的题,一时难定答案,可以绕过,先做"细节"类型题。当然,命题者所给出的题目顺序一般也应该是符合对该文章阅读时由浅入深,由大意而细节再主题、全貌的认识过程的。
          3)进行重点核查,对于感觉把握不大,有些困难的小题,对照全文与各题所选答案,看看是否一致,是否合乎情理,合乎逻辑。
          对待阅读理解试题每小题中的三个干扰项,一般应该加以比较,不要轻易略过;如果只是看准自以为一定是答案的选项,不作进一步分析比较,是很可能会漏掉"最佳答案"的。
          阅读理解试题中对生词的处理
          近两年的高考英语阅读理解试题中减少了生词的注释,这势必加大了试题的难度。根据上下文猜测生词含义可以在一定程度上考查出考生的逻辑推理能力,是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分,自然应该出现在高考英语试卷中。提高阅读理解能力,就要加强猜测生词训练的力度。高考英语阅读理解试题对生词的处理方法基本如下:
          1)构词法是中学生已经掌握的语言知识,利用构词法知识构成的词汇不作为生词处理;
          2)如果某些生词不影响对文章内容的理解,不标注汉语;
          3)通过上下文可以推断出某些生词的含义时,这些生词可以用来作为考点。
          阅读理解试题读速要求
          由于教学大纲的修订(2000年修订版),对高考英语阅读理解能力的要求也有所提高。近两年阅读理解试题在读速要求上逐年提高:
          年份   读速
          1999  44.2wpm
          2000   48wpm
          2001  58.5wpm
          2002   57wpm
          2002(北京) 60wpm
          阅读目的的不同在很大程度上会影响阅读的速度;如果为了娱乐而进行阅读可以一目十行,这种阅读方式有时被称为"泛读";为了学习和研究而进行阅读,速度则非常缓慢,这种阅读被称为"精读"。考试中的阅读目的主要是完成了解文章概要和获取某些特定信息这两种任务。有时,这两个任务是分离的,有时则是结合在一起的。为完成第一种任务,考生需要采取的阅读方法是略读,即迅速阅读文章,以了解主旨要义、文章结构、作者态度等;为完成第二种任务,考生需要采取查读的方法,仅仅需要迅速查找所需特定信息,不需要考虑文章结构、内容要点等。在很多情况下需要在阅读一篇文章中同时完成这两种任务,阅读速度的把握也反映了考生的阅读理解能力。
          四、写作
          高考英语写作部分由第一、二两节组成。
          第一节短文改错:考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。测试考生发现、判断和纠正语篇错误的能力。在该项训练过程中应该注意以下问题:
          1)短文改错的目的不仅考查考生是否能识别错误,还在于通过要求纠正错误考查考生是否正确、熟练地掌握了语言基本规则。用学过的语言知识来监察语言的输出就是一种语言能力。能否进行有效的监察,足以说明能力的高低。考试的目的是考查出考生的语言能力,而复习的目的也应该是培养考生的语言能力。练习短文改错试题时,应该尽可能的从正面入手,要牢牢掌握正确的规则,才能对错误有敏感。
          2)在做短文改错试题时,不仅要注意单纯独立的语法或词的错误,还要注意篇章上的错误。在很多情况下,判断错误不能只从某个词本身,甚至不能从整个句子本身去看,而要从上下文,乃至整篇文章去看。只有通晓全文的内容和结构,才能答好改错题。这就要求考生不仅要掌握动词的时态、语态、名词的数、介词的搭配等,更需要弄懂文章的含义,内在的逻辑关系,篇章的结构内容等。
          3)短文改错集多项语法规则和语言技能于一身,在100词左右的短文中,错误可能出现在任何一处。做题时一定细心准确,切忌画蛇添足,在本来没有错的地方随便改动。
          短文改错一般来讲,无论是在内容上还是在文字上都比较简单,文中出现的错误也都是初、中级英语学习者写作时常见的错误。
          例如(说明样题):
          today i visited the smiths---my first time visit 76______
          to a american family. they live in a small 77______
          town. it was very kind for them to meet me 78______
          at the railway station and drove me to their home. 79______
          the smiths did his best to make me feel 80______
          at home. they offered me coffee and other 81______
          drinks. we have a good time talking and laughing 82______
          together. they were eager know everything about 83______
          china and asked me lots of questions. in fact, 84______
          they are planning to visit china in next year. 85______
          缺词:缺词的含义是句子中漏掉了必不可少的词,致使句子结构不完整,这类错误一般多见于功能词。例如名词前掉了冠词,两个动词之间少了不定式标记to等。第83小题be eager to do搭配。
          少词:与缺词相反,多词则是写了不该写的词,这同样会造成结构错误,甚至意思不清楚。第76、85小题即属于这一类型。
          错误:错词是个比较复杂的问题,所占比例也比较大,平时写作时所犯的错误都可能出现在此处,如:定冠词与不定冠词、名词的数、动词的时态、语态、介词、连词的运用、形容词、副词的级、上下文的逻辑关系等。第78小题for应该改为 of, 第79小题drove 应该改为drive与meet是平行成分。
          上述分析表明,英语学习者常犯的各类错误均有可能出现在短文改错中。只要语言基本功扎实,这些错误并不难识别和改正。
          第二节书面表达:高考英语书面表达试题主要测试考生的英语书面表达能力,看其是否能运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流。
          写作要求:
          写出他人易读懂的文章。写文章的目的无非是记录下某件事情供自己日后参照,或向他传输  1)某个信息。这都要求所写的文章格式正确、言之有物,使自己日后或他人读后能够理解,且获得其希望传输的信息。
          2)语法、词汇、拼写、标点较准确。语言的准确性是写作中不可忽视的一个重要方面,因为它直接或间接地影响到信息的准确传输。应用语法结构和词汇的准确程度是写作部分评分标准中的一项重要内容,拼写和标点符号运用的正确与否也会在一定程度上影响到考生的成绩。
          3)使用一定的句型、词组,清楚表达自己的思想。任何一篇文章都需要有一个主题,作者应该围绕主题,借助一些句型、词组等来清楚地表达自己的思想。
          注意的问题:
          1)多练习写作。练习可分为初级和高级层次,初级阶段包括抄写英语段落、听写短文、背诵精彩片段并默写等;较高级层次的练习包括模仿段落、填词、写短文、写日记等。考生应该根据的实际水平,选择相应的练习形式。
          花点时间仔细审题是值得的。
          3)短文必须紧扣要点。写作时,不要随意发挥,写一些无关紧要的内容。题目要求写的,都要写进去。细节可以有所增减,但是一定要保证整体内容完整并合乎逻辑。
          4)多从交际的角度考虑。
          5)尽量消除汉语式的英语,使用简练地道的英语。
          6)文章写完后应该检查一遍,看看拼写有无错误,句型是否恰当,句中主要动词的时态、语态使用是否准确等。
          例如(说明样题):
          假定你是李华。你和几个朋友约定星期天在人民公园野餐,你们的英国朋友peter也应邀参加。请你根据下面的示意图,用英语给他写封短信,告诉他进公园如何找到你们。
          注意:1、词数80~100;
          2、开头语已为你写好。
          dear peter,
          we're so glad you're coming to join us on sunday. here is how you can find us.
          训练步骤:
          1、认真审题,明确要求。
          1)考生被假设为李华,所以用第一人称写作;
          2)写作目的是给外国朋友介绍路线,所以特别注意有关的表达方式;
          3)写作的体裁是应用文---信件,所以注意题材的写作特点。
          2、观察图画。列出要点。
          1)从公园正门进 2)进门后朝前走 3)到小河过桥 4)向右拐后朝前走 5)绕过小山 6)我们在湖畔小树林里
          3、紧扣要点,合理想象,适当发挥,扩写成文。
          dear peter,
          we're glad you're coming to join us on sunday. here is hoe you can find us.   we'll have our picnic in the people's park. you know where that is, don't you? after you enter the park by the main gate, walk straight on till you come to a small river. cross the river and turn right. after walking for a while you'll come to a hill. walk round to the other side of the hill, and you'll see a lake. we'll have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake. i'm sure you'll have no trouble finding us. do come!
          yours,
          li hua
          4、认真审查,修改错误
          根据要点写成文章后,认真阅读,反复检查,修正错误是必不可少的。检查时着重检查是否漏掉要点,应用的词汇和语法是否准确,行文是否连贯,单词拼写与标点运用是否正确等。
          5、书写规范,卷面整洁
          书面表达的训练,一是要注意方法,二是要勤写勤练。平时注意语言的积累,鼓励学生用英语写日记或周记。同时注意练习书法,工整的书写在高考中是不会吃亏的。
          总之,2004年高考英语复习备考要认真学习两纲---"教学大纲"和"考纲"(考试说明),解读"考试说明"样题,遵循"夯实基本功,知识灵活运用,训练讲方法,能力大提升"的复习思路。复习备考专项、综合训练相结合,综合训练要适时、适度,重在反馈矫正,提高应试能力。
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