高考英语语法专项突破：主从复合句

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　　主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)
        　　【考点分析】
        　　状语从句
        　　1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别;
        　　2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句;
        　　3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;
        　　4.till和until的用法;
        　　5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;
        　　6.结果状语从句中“so…that”与“such…that”的区别;
        　　7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;
        　　8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;
        　　9. in case引导的状语从句;
        　　10.where引导的状语从句;
        　　11.once引导的状语从句。
        　　12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
        　　名词从句
        　　1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别;
        　　2.名词从句的语序和时态;
        　　3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;
        　　4.宾语从句的否定转移;
        　　5.whether和if的用法区别;
        　　6.what在名词性从句中的使用;
        　　7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用;
        　　8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别;
        　　9.连接词that的省略;
        　　定语从句
        　　1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别;
        　　2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别;
        　　3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别;
        　　4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;
        　　5. such…as与such…that的区别;the same…as与the same…that的区别;
        　　6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;
        　　7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略;
        　　8.含有插入语的定语从句;
        　　9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。
        　　【知识点归纳】
        　　I.句子的种类
        　　复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。
        　　按用途分
        　　
       

种  类	类   型	例    句
陈述句	肯定句	We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。
否定句	They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。
疑问句	一般疑问句	Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？                                                                                            Haven’t you seen the film?  你没看过这部电影吗？
特殊疑问句	Who is the man? 这人是谁？                                                                                         When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？                                                                                         What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？
选择疑问句	Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。                                                                                         Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French.                                                                                         他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。
反意疑问句	They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？                                                                                         You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？
祈使句	肯定句	Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。
否定句	Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。
感叹句	what + 名词	What great changes we have had these years!                                                                                         这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!                                                                                         What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!
how + 形容词或副词	How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!                                                                                         How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！
how +句子	How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!
How + adj.+a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n	How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!

         

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        　　按结构分
        　　
       

种类	类型	例    句
简单句	主+谓	They disappeared. 他们消失了。
主+谓+宾	He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。                                                                                         We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
主+谓+间宾+直接宾	I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。                                                                                         They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。
主+谓+宾+宾补	They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。                                                                                         I want everything ready by eight o’clock.                                                                                         我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。
主+系+表	She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。                                                                                         He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。
并列句	并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,	Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it.                                                                                         要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。                                                                                          Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.                                                                                         汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。                                                                                         Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough.                                                                                         不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。
转折关系but,while（而，尽管）                                                                                         nevertheless(然而；不过)	John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday.                                                                                          约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。
选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or	We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train.                                                                                          我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。                                                                                          Either you come to my place or I go to yours.                                                                                         或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。
因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so	We had better stay at home, for it was raining.                                                                                         我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。                                                                                         He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.                                                                                         他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。
复合句	由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。	从句有：                                                                                         名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）                                                                                         状语从句                                                                                         定语从句                                                                                         （详细请看以下内容）

         
        　　II.状语从句
        　　状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。
        　　1.时间状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：when,while,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardly…when,
        　　scarcely…when,no sooner…than,有一些表示时间的副词(短语)或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等
        　　重点内容如下：
        　　①when,while,as引导的时间状语从句
        　　▲as表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。
        　　She came up as I was cooking.(同时)
        　　The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)
        　　▲when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。
        　　It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)
        　　When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)
        　　When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)
        　　▲while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。
        　　Please don’t talk so loud while/when others are working.
        　　He fell asleep while/when reading.
        　　Strike while the iron is hot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)
        　　②before状语从句的重点句型
        　　▲……之后……才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .
        　　▲不多久……就：It wasn’t long before he told me about the affair.
        　　▲不等……就：Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
        　　▲刚……就：He hardly entered the room before he heard the telephone ring.
        　　▲先……再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.
        　　③since 引导的从句用延续性动词的过去式(包括过去完成时)，则从句的动作已经结束,从句意思是否定的。如果从句的动词是延续性的用完成时态，从句意思是肯定的。
        　　▲He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未来看我。(不在生病了)
        　　▲He has never been to see me since I have been ill.我病了，他一直未来看我。
        　　▲I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
        　　自从他这里搬走，我就没有收到他的信。(不住在这儿了)
        　　▲I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我们附近以来，我对他很了解。
        　　▲It’s three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。(不在服役了)
        　　▲It’s three years since I have been in the army=It's three years since he joined the army.
        　　我入伍已三年了。
        　　④如果与till与until从句使用的主句是肯定的，则主句中谓语要用延续性动词如果与其使用的主句是否肯定的，则主句中谓语要用短暂性动词。另till从句不可以置于句首，只有until从句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首时主句要倒装。
        　　2.原因状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：as(由于),because(因为), since(既然),now (that) (既然), considering that(顾及到), seeing that(由于)。
        　　I do it because I like it.因为我喜欢我才干。(because不能与 so连用)
        　　He couldn’t have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。
        　　Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
        　　由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会
        　　Now that/Since you are all here, let’s try and reach a decision.
        　　既然大家都来了咱们就设法做一个决定吧
        　　As she was ill, she didn’t come to the party.
        　　由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
        　　Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
        　　考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。

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        　　重点内容如下：
        　　①because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，可与强调词only,just 以及否定词not 连用。但不可以与so连用。如You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.另外注意与not连用时否定的转移。He didn’t do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因为怕他的妻子才做这样的事。
        　　Cf:He didn’t do such a thing,because he was afraid of his wife.因为怕妻子，他没有做这样的事。
        　　because引导的从句可以被强调：
        　　It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFL
        　　②as语气较弱，since语气也较弱，但比as正式一些,所说明的原因比较明显或是已知的事实，多用于口语中，所以不应该强调。常置于句首。
        　　As all the seats were full,he stood there.
        　　Since you are going,I’ll go,too.
        　　③for虽解释为“因为”但只是一个并列连词，它引导的是并列句，不是原因状语从句。
        　　The day was short,for it was December.
        　　3.地点状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere。
        　　Anywhere he went,he got warm welcome.
        　　The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.
        　　Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。
        　　Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
        　　You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.
        　　哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句)
        　　4.结果状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：that，so…that，so that(从句中不带情态动词)，such…that，with the result that等。
        　　注意以下几种结构：
        　　①so+adj/adv+that…
        　　②such(a/an+adj)+n+that…
        　　③so+adj+a/an+n+that=such a/an+adj+n+that…
        　　④so many/much/few/little(少)+n+that…
        　　注意以上结构与定语从句so/such…as的区别。
        　　This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/(it).
        　　He didn’t plan his time well so that/so he didn’t finish the work in time.
        　　他没把时间计划好，结果没按时完成这项工作。
        　　We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
        　　我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
        　　The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
        　　这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
        　　Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much
        　　= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very much
        　　Jenny是如此聪明的女孩，以至老师们都非常喜欢她。
        　　I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
        　　我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块
        　　He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
        　　他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
        　　I had so little money then that I couldn’t afford a little present.
        　　我当时囊中羞涩连一份小小礼物都买不起
        　　5.目的状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：so that,in order that,for fear that等。目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词can, could, may, might, should连用。
        　　(so that也可用来引导结果状语从句，但从句中不带情态动词)
        　　Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly.
        　　我们坐前排吧，这样我们看得更清楚些。
        　　School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.
        　　早点儿放学是为了让孩子们在暴风雨到来之前回家。
        　　He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
        　　他把名字写下省得忘了。(该从句中一般用情态动词should+动词原形，或省略should)
        　　Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
        　　最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
        　　注意：so that引导的目的状语从句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引导的目的状语从句可以放在主句之前或之后。
        　　6.条件状语从句
        　　分为真实条件句和非真实条件句(用在虚拟语气中)。
        　　表示条件的状语从句可以由if(如果),unless(除非), in case(万一), so /as long as(只要), as/ so far as(就……而言), on condition that(条件是……)suppose(假设)supposing(假设)(仅用在问句中)
        　　等词或词组引导。一般情况下当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
        　　As/So long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
        　　只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
        　　Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
        　　If you leave at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning, you’d better get to bed now.
        　　如果你明早6点钟走，你最好现在就上床。
        　　We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.
        　　只要你能保持整洁，我们可以让你使用这个房间。
        　　As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA.据我所知，他是一个DNA专家。
        　　He’ll accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.
        　　他会接受这项工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的话。
        　　Suppose/Supposing we can’t get enough food, what shall we do?
        　　假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办?
        　　7.让步状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：although,though,as,even if, even though,while,whether…or,whoever,whatever,however,
        　　no matter+疑问词等。
        　　We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.
        　　我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
        　　It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.
        　　那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。
        　　Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信，这是真的。
        　　However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
        　　Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
        　　No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说，他总认为是我错。
        　　注意以下几点：
        　　①although,though引导让步状语从句时，主句前不能用but,但可以加yet,stil。
        　　He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.
        　　②as引导让步状语从句时，必须用前置结构，通常是从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在句首，放在句首的名词前的冠词要去掉。
        　　Child as(though)he is, he knows a lot.(注意在child前不要用冠词)
        　　Much as I like it, I won’t buy.
        　　Try as he would, he couldn’t lift the heavy box.

gkone

        　　8.方式状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：as,as if,as though,the way等。
        　　Do it the way you were told.
        　　注意以下几点：
        　　①as引导方式状语从句时意义为“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加强语势。
        　　I did it just as you told me.
        　　②as if和as though 引导的从句中，谓语常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。
        　　③连词while 和whereas 可表示对比。
        　　Whereas he is rather lazy,she is quite energetic.
        　　9.比较状语从句
        　　由下列连词引导：as…as,not as…as,not so…as,than等(详情请参见【专题三】形容词和副词)。
        　　10.注意状语从句中的省略现象
        　　①连接词+过去分词
        　　Unless repaired, the washing machine is no use.
        　　②连词+现在分词
        　　Look out while crossing the street.
        　　③连词+形容词/其他
        　　常见的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。
        　　④比较状语从句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than (he had been)expected.
        　　III.名词性从句
        　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
        　　引导名词性从句的连词可分为三类：
        　　①that(不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。)
        　　whether, if(不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。)
        　　as if,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”)
        　　②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
        　　③when, where, how, why
        　　Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
        　　What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
        　　That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
        　　I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
        　　The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。
        　　It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
        　　1.主语从句
        　　①由从属连词引导的主语从句：
        　　Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.
        　　那个国家是否应该建立核电站……
        　　That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播
        　　②由连接代词引导的主语从句：
        　　What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是……
        　　Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书……
        　　Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来……
        　　③由连接副词引导的主语从句：
        　　When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞……
        　　Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿……
        　　How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少……
        　　④关于形式主语 it
        　　▲It + be +形容词+ that-从句
        　　It is necessary that… 有必要……
        　　It is important that…重要的是……
        　　It is obvious that…很明显……
        　　It is likely that….很可能
        　　▲It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
        　　It is believed that…人们相信……
        　　It is known to all that…众所周知……
        　　(注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.)
        　　It has been decided that…已决定……
        　　▲It + be +名词+ that-从句
        　　It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
        　　It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……
        　　It is a fact that…事实是……
        　　可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
        　　▲It +不及物动词+ that-分句
        　　It appears that…似乎……
        　　It happens that…碰巧……
        　　It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
        　　It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
        　　2.表语从句
        　　可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
        　　The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.
        　　……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病
        　　The question remains whether we can win the game…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛
        　　That’s just what I want. ……我想要的
        　　This is where our problem lies. ……我们的问题所在
        　　The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
        　　注意：
        　　①表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导
        　　Things were not as they seemed.
        　　It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。
        　　②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)
        　　It ( This, That ) is because…
        　　The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
        　　It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
        　　3.同位语从句
        　　同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。
        　　The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球…….
        　　I have no idea when he will be back. ……什么时候回来
        　　The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也许病了
        　　He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.……是否同意

gkfive

        　　4.宾语从句
        　　宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
        　　①及物动词后的宾语从句：
        　　She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要帮助的人……
        　　I wonder why she refused my invitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
        　　②介词后的宾语从句：
        　　I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。
        　　The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。
        　　③某些形容词后的宾语从句：
        　　I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.
        　　……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步
        　　We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他没有告别就走了
        　　④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
        　　Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.
        　　On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
        　　⑤关于形式宾语it
        　　We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
        　　我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。
        　　I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
        　　5.名词性从句重难点
        　　①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
        　　▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ?
        　　A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
        　　C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
        　　▲You can't imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
        　　A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
        　　C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
        　　②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词;用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
        　　Do you doubt that he will win ?
        　　I don't doubt that your proposition is wrong .
        　　He doubt whether I know it .
        　　③ 否定转移问题。
        　　▲将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移
        　　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。
        　　I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。
        　　We don't expect he will come tonight , will he ?
        　　注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
        　　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
        　　▲将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移
        　　It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
        　　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
        　　④主谓一致问题。
        　　What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
        　　What I bought were three English books.
        　　⑤语气问题
        　　▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构
        　　I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
        　　▲在It is +过去分词+that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。
        　　It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.
        　　▲在表语从句或同位语从句中
        　　The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.
        　　▲在It is(was)+形容词+that从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should +)动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。
        　　It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language.(上海1993)
        　　A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master
        　　⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
        　　▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
        　　(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…;all that…;everything that…”)
        　　▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed.(M ET'93)
        　　A.what B.when C.that D.which
        　　(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
        　　▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
        　　(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
        　　▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.
        　　(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
        　　▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
        　　(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount /number that…”)
        　　⑦不可省略的连词：
        　　▲介词后的连词不可省略
        　　Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
        　　下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。
        　　▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
        　　That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。
        　　We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
        　　▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略
        　　I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
        　　⑧比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
        　　▲whether 引导主语从句在句首
        　　Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。
        　　▲引导表语从句
        　　His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
        　　▲引导同位语从句
        　　Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
        　　▲whether 从句作介词宾语
        　　I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
        　　▲与or not连在一起
        　　I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。
        　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如：
        　　It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
        　　It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。

gksix

        　　IV.定语从句
        　　(一)基本概念
        　　1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
        　　2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
        　　关系词的分类和基本用法
        　　表一

分类	指代	引导词
关系代词	人	who, whom, that, as
事物	which, that, as
人或物（表所属关系）	whose
关系副词	地点	where
时间	when
原因	why

        　　表二

关系代词	指代	例句	解释
who	人	The man who helped you is Mr White.	在定从中作主语
whom	That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.	在定从中作宾语，可省略
whose	He is the father whose son studies very well in our class.	在定从中作定语
that	I′m not the fool that you thought me to be.	在定从中作表语
as	He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.	在定从中作宾语
that	事物	The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.	在定从中作宾语
which	A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words	在定从中作主语
whose	He lives in a room whose window faces south	在定从中作定语
as	It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.	在定从中作宾语
整句内容	As is known to all, he is the best student.	在定从中作主语

        　　表三

关系副词	指代	例句	解释
when	时间	Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?	在定从中作状语
where	地点	The house where they live is not very large.	在定从中作状语
why	原因	This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.	在定从中作状语

        　　(二)定语从句的注意点
        　　本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。
        　　1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别

情　 况	用法说明	例　 句
只用that的情况	①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时                                                                         ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时                                                                         ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时                                                                         ④先行词既指人又指物时                                                                         ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时                                                                         ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时	①He told me everything that he knows.                                                                         ②All the books that you offered has been given out.                                                                         ③This is the best film that I have ever read.                                                                         ④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.                                                                         ⑤He is the only man that I want to see.                                                                         ⑥Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况	①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人                                                                         ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。                                                                         ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。	①He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.                                                                         ②I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.                                                                         ③Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况	the way做先行词时	①Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.                                                                         ②I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.                                                                         ③What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it.                                                                         A. the way　　　　　B. in the way that                                                                         C. in the way　　　　　　 D. the way which

        　　2.as、which和that的区别

从句	区　 别	例　 句
限制性                                                                         定语从句中	名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which	He is not such a fool as he looks.                                                                         Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性                                                                         定语从句中	as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。	They won the game, as we had expected.                                                                         They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.                                                                         As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
the same... as和                                                                         the same ...that	the same... as指同类事物                                                                         the same ...that 指原物	That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）                                                                         That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。

        　　3. where、when与why引导的定语从句　　　

关系副词	用　 法	例　 句
where	关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。	We’re just trying to teach a point___both sides will sit down together and talk.                                                                         A. where　　B. that　 C. when　D. which
when	关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。	There was ________time ________I hated to go to school.                                                                         A. a; that　　　　 B. a; when                                                                         C. the; that　　　　D. the ; when
why	关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。	Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？

        　　4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
        　　当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：

原则	内　 容	例　 句
原则一	根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定	I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction__________she had come.                                                                         A.of which　 B.by which　C.in which　 D.from which                                                                         [解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D]
原则二	根据先行词而定	There are two buildings , _______ stands nearly a hundred feet high.                                                                         A. the larger　　　　　B. the larger of them　　                                                                         C. the larger one that　 D. the larger of which                                                                         [解析] the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。

        　　5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象
        　　定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。

现　 象	例　 句
在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。	①---Is that the small town you often refer to?                                                                         --- Right, just the one ________ you know I used to work for years.                                                                         A.that　 B. which　　 C.where　　　D.what                                                                         [解析] work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选[C] 。                                                                         ②He made another wonderful discovery ,______of importance to science .                                                                         A.which I think is　　B. which I think it is                                                                         C. which I think it　　D. I think is                                                                         [解析]这里I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制性定语从句，故选［A］。
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语	There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。                                         乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”　 不对啊，　天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点　　状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。
在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语	Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond                                                                         necklace?                                         你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？                                         when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后

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        　　6.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别

类　别	区　 别	例　 句
定语从句                                                                         与                                                                         并列句	定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。	①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．                                                                         ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．                                                                         从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；                                                                         ②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。
定语从句                                                                         与                                                                         状语从句	定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。	This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.                                                                         这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）                                                                         Let’s go where we can find a better job.                                                                         我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）
定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。	Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）                                                                         It was already five o’clock when the class was over.                                                                         =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.                                                                         当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）
When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。	This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked.                                                                         这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）                                                                         Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。	It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。                                                                         （as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）                                                                         It is such an interesting book that we all like it.                                                                         它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。                                                                         （that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）
定语从句                                                                         与                                                                         同位语从句	定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。	The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.                                                                         她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）                                                                         此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam                                                                         可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.                                                                         The news that he told us interested all of us.                                                                         他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）                                                                         The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.
定语从句                                                                         与                                                                         强调句	强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。	①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．                                                                         ②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．                                                                         从结构上看：                                                                         ①小题是强调句，故填 that。                                                                         ②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。

        　　此外还要注意下列两点：
        　　▲定语从句与习惯句型
        　　用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
        　　①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai.
        　　②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life.
        　　解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is/was the first/second ... time +that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
        　　▲定语从句与简单句
        　　用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
        　　①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help.
        　　②The mother told the lazy boy to work._____ didn't help.
        　　解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词;而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词;②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
        　　【高考预测】
        　　1. ______ is known to us all is that Shenzhou VII has launched for the first spacewalk successfully.
        　　A. That B. What C. It D. As
        　　2. Barack Obama delivered a speech to 500 local youths during his visit to China, many of _______ were from
        　　Fudan University and Tongji University.
        　　A. them B. whom C. which D. those
        　　3.Most of us still wonder _______ it is _______ makes those honest peasant workers, without being paid at all, resign themselves to the bosses.
        　　A. what; that B. /; what C. that; what D. /; that
        　　4. — Join us in the party tonight, would you?
        　　— Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t, ______ I ______ the content of some reports with my boss.
        　　A. for; have discussed B. because; will be discussing
        　　C. before; discussed D. when; will have discussed
        　　5.—I’m going to New York for further studies next term.
        　　—Congratulations! ________ you’re there, can you keep me e-mailed?
        　　A. As B. While C. Because D. If
        　　6. Probably no man had more effects on the daily lives of people in the United States ________ Henry Ford ________.
        　　A. as; was B. than; was C. than; did D. as; did
        　　7. There are a lot of students in the reading room, most of with their eyes on and their heads bent over their books.
        　　A.whom; fixing B.them; fixed C.whom; fixed D.them; fixing
        　　8. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
        　　A. where B. when C. that D. what
        　　9. Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is __________ makes a difference.
        　　A. that B. what C. which D. whatever
        　　10. —Do you have any idea of rugby?
        　　—Abosolutely. It is a sport ______ players hold the ball and run with it.
        　　A. which B.when C.why D.where
        　　11. What was it _________ caused the modem nations to change their mind _________ they should help to preserve the Roma’s history?
        　　A. /; why B. that; that C. that; / D. what; that
        　　12. We went to the Lincoln Memorial yesterday, , not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors from all over the world. A.where B.which C.that D.when
        　　13. It was the very place _________ the soldiers fought over sixty years ago.
        　　A. that B. which C. where D. there
        　　14. Hardly ______ when the bus suddenly pulled away.
        　　A. they had got to the bus stop B. they got to the bus stop
        　　C. did they get to the bus stop D. had they got to the bus stop
        　　15. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced______ tractors in 1998 as the year before.
        　　A. as many twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many D. twice as many as
        　　16. You can fly to UK this morning _____ you don’t mind changing planes in Hong Kong.
        　　A. because B. provided C. unless D. so far as
        　　17. It’s the same in China---many people, _____some are not overweight at all, are always going on diets
        　　or taking weight-loss pills, ______ are often dangerous.
        　　A. whose; which B. of which; who C. of whom; which D. who; that
        　　18. Is _________ 48 hours _________ the man-made satellite _________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?
        　　A. it; that; where B. it; when; that C. it for; that it takes; that D. it; that it takes; which
        　　19.Is _________ 48 hours _________ the man-made satellite _________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?
        　　A. it; that; where B. it; when; that C. it for; that it takes; that D. it; that it takes; which
        　　20. _____ occurred to me that the murder happened ____ a rainy day.
        　　A. What; in B. What; on C. It; in D. It; on

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        　　21. The old man has a son and two daughters, ______ treating him well, ______ makes him sad.
        　　A. none of them; which B. and none of whom; that
        　　C. none of whom; which D. and none of them; that
        　　22. Many experts hold the view ____ teachers’ development is _____the key to better education lies.
        　　A. which; where B. which; what C. that; where D. that; which
        　　23. Was it in Disneyland, ______ many cartoon characters can be seen, ______ the film was set?
        　　A. that; where B. that; when C. in which; where D. where; that
        　　24. the world economy is in difficulty, we can see, the people of China are full of hope.
        　　A.As;/ B.Because;which C.Though;as D.With;/
        　　25.The reason______ being late for the meeting was______ his little son fell ill this morning.
        　　A. for, that B. why, that C. for, because D. why, because
        　　26._______ she had time to realize what was happening, she was hit on the head.
        　　A. Since B. Before C. When D. Until
        　　27. What impresses me most is ______ he appears in front of others, he wears a sincere and charming smile.
        　　A. what B. which C. that where D. that whenever
        　　28.______ I failed in English a third time, I had no doubt about my gift for foreign languages.
        　　A. By the time B. Until C. After D. Unless
        　　29 In the past few years, “My Heart Will Go On” was a popular song among young people, __________ were often heard singing it at parties.
        　　A. who B. which C. they D.that
        　　30.The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money for our research. 高.
        　　A. whether B. that C. which D. what 高.考.资.源.网
        　　31.Faced with trouble or difficulty，a person takes help that is available.
        　　A.whatever B.whenever C.wherever D.however
        　　32.____ you have expressed your determination , you should act immediately.
        　　A. Now that B. Even though C. In order that D. Until
        　　33.You’d better give the task to_______ you think can finish it ahead of time.
        　　A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. no matter who
        　　34.—It’s a long time __________I saw you last.
        　　—Yes, and what a pity it is that it will be another year_______ we see each other again.
        　　A. before;since B. since; when C.since;before D. when;before
        　　35.Japanese scientists said “Our dream is to create(clone)a mammoth(猛犸)， it is a big dream.”
        　　A. since B. because C. though D. however
        　　36.The disease outbreak had infected 65 people by last Monday, 19 have died.
        　　A. with which B. of whom C. for whom D. in which
        　　37._________ a small number of Australians are bitten by spiders each year, most recover without any medical treatment.
        　　A. While B. Unless C. When D. Because
        　　38.—Will you go to Mary’s birthday party?
        　　—No. _____ invited, I can’t go. I’ll be too busy then.
        　　A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. When
        　　39. annoyed him most was that he had received no apology.
        　　A.How B.Why C.What D.Which
        　　40.—Do you think the weather will be all right this summer?
        　　—No, _______ we’re lucky. The newspaper says it’ll be very hot anyway.
        　　A. unless B. if C. though D. as
        　　41.—When shall Janet return to work?
        　　—_________ she has totally recovered.
        　　A. If B. Since C. When D. Until
        　　42.He had to be reminded two or three times ________ he could avoid making the same mistake.
        　　A. before B. when C. until D. as
        　　43.I don't say I am against their plan. But the trouble is __ _ they do doesn't agree with what they say. 高.考.资.源.A. what that B. that what C. if what D. what if
        　　44.It was shortly after that serious accident happened ______ all the people involved were caught and questioned.
        　　A. since B. that C. before D. when
        　　45.Lucy was having a holiday with her friend in a national park ____ she was bitten on the foot by a snake.
        　　A. while B. since C. once D. when
        　　46.____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
        　　A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When
        　　47.The game is not very difficult you understand the roles.
        　　A. until B. though C. once D. unless
        　　48.The conference aims to develop business and let people think about ______ they can have a positive influence on the planet.
        　　A.why B.that C.what D.how
        　　4927.Honesty is a kind of quality and that’s it takes to communicate with others successfully.
        　　A.what B.why C.how D.which
        　　50. It was the training _______he had at school _______made him good jumper.
        　　A.what;what B.that;that C.what;that D.that;what
        　　【参考答案】
        　　1-5BBABB 6-10CBCBD 11-15BBCDC 16-20BCDDD 21-25ACDCA
        　　26-30BDBAA 31-35AAACC 36-40BACCA 41-45CABBD 46-50ACDAB