2013年高考英语备考：阅读核心考点及答题技巧

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　　核心考点1：综合细节判断题
        　　【考情分析】
        　　综合细节题的考点在阅读理解部分的核心考点，而且占据题量的比例约有40%左右，每年都不少于8题。由于综合细节题考点涉及面广，包括因果判断，人物话语判断，时间判断，地点方位判断和源由判断等考点。难度不大，但很灵活，只有少数考点难度为中等。
        　　【考点点津】
        　　综合细节判断是文章必不可少的有机组成部分，也是作者阐述思想和叙述故事的一些具体手段。若要准确理解文章，必须要关注细节，包括人名、日期、事实、地点和数据等。这类考点是针对短文特殊语境中的特定细节而设置的，不过有些细节考点是根据数个细节和短文主要事实综合来进行命制的。若要精准地解决这类问题，考生应学会用英语解释英语的阅读习惯，再则这类考点一般涉及面较广，只要抓住细节内容，仔细研读，再做分析、甄别和筛选即可。
        　　【应试策略】
        　　如何做到准确地判断这类综合细节判断考点题呢?考生在阅读时须做到细辨信息比较甄别和整体局部相互融合的阅读思考手段。
        　　具体应试策略技巧如下：
        　　① 首先快速确定短文主题以及不同信息间的差异;
        　　② 再先从题干中找出关键词，通过略读和寻读技巧找到考点所在细节出处，然后将该部分内容研读一遍，细心甄别彼此差异，力求精准理解后作出抉择。
        　　③ 确定答案后，须回读原文，再次甄别有效和无效信息，细辨动作先后，因果和目的关系，对一些数据进行必要的推算，或对文章一些信息进行重组推断，惟此，答案将会一目了然
        　　简言之，综合细节判断题的解题关键是关注于细节有关联的本段内容。也就是说，关注与本段内容有关的内容或细节出处的前后相关句子的真正含义。
        　　【经典题例】(2011-山东)
        　　Arthur Miller (1915~2005) is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Miller’s father had moved to the USA from Austria Hungary, drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream”. However, he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early l930s.
        　　Miller’s most famous play, Death of a Salesman, is a powerful attack on the American system, with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth. In Willy Loman, the hero of the play, we see a man who has got into trouble with his worth. Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment: if he can't do the work, then he is no good to his employer, the Wagner Company, and he must go. Willy is painfully aware of this, and at loss as to what to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.
        　　When it was first staged in 1949, the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, and it won the Tony Award for Best Play, the New York Drama Critics` Circle Award, and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.
        　　Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on the evening of February 10, 2005, the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.[来源:高
        　　&考56. Why did Arthur Miller' s father move to the USA?
        　　A. He suffered from severe hunger in his home country.
        　　B. He was attracted by the "Great American Dream.
        　　C. He hoped to make his son a dramatist.
        　　D. His family business failed.
        　　57. The play Death of a Salesman ______________________________.
        　　A. exposes the cruelty of the American business world
        　　B. discusses the ways to get promoted in a company
        　　C. talks about the business career of Arthur Miller [来源:Ks5u.com]
        　　D. focuses on the skills in doing business
        　　59. After it was first staged, Death of a Salesman
        　　A. achieved huge success B. won the first Tony Award
        　　C. was warmly welcomed by salesmen D. was severely attacked by dramatists
        　　【题例精讲】
        　　本文是讲述了阿瑟.密勒的生平经历及他的代表作Death of a Salesman的内容及评价。
        　　56.最佳答案为B。细节判断题。从第一段第二句话可知米勒的父亲已经从奥地利迁往美国，是和许多其他人一样受“伟大的美国梦”的驱使。
        　　57.最佳答案为A。细节推断题。从第二段第一句话可知米勒写《推销员之死》的目的是对美国制度的攻击，因为美国商业制度的侵犯性和坚持将金钱和社会地位作为价值的显示。A项的叙述指出了美国商业世界的残酷。且下文也提到了这种残酷性也体现残酷的世界商界中(in the cruel world of business)。
        　　59.A.细节推断题。从第三段得知一上映便赢得许多奖项，因此获得巨大成功。

gksix

        　　考点2：主旨要义测试题
        　　【考情分析】
        　　主旨要义考点在阅读理解的核心考点之一，是每年高考试题卷的必考点，且占3~5题的比例。主旨要义考点题考点涉及面较多，包括段落大意，篇章大意、最佳标题，作者意图、观点及写作目的等考点。这类考点难度较大，许多考生因阅读技巧不得要领，故常常因粗心而失分。这类考点的难度为中等或难。
        　　【考点点津】
        　　阅读题干时，考生先弄清题干问的是段落大意还是全文大意，再利用文中关键信息把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章主题。实际上，每篇文章都是围绕一个话题(也称为主题)展开的，因此, 文中最明显的特点之一就是有个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也称之为主题词。该词即为文章的“中心”点。另外，考生还得学会借助文章的篇章结构和特殊句式结构来把握篇章的主旨要义。
        　　【应试策略】
        　　解答这类题考生必须把握正确的阅读策略和技巧，方能准确无误地解决这类题：
        　　1)段落大意和篇章大意常常由主题句来表达。而主题句通常出现在段首，约占(80~90%)或段尾处, 偶尔也会落在段落中间。
        　　再者，短文中心思想通常也在首段或尾段点出。所以，考生在阅读时必须关注首段、尾段以及段落主题句。另外，若短文中出现but, however, as a result, therefore等连词时，它们通常就是引出篇章中心主旨的方向词，而for example, first, or to begin with等只是引出细节的信息词，而在这些短语之前的句子往往会提到文章的主旨要义。
        　　2) 最佳标题是大多数考生非常头疼的核心考点，尤其是文科考生对这类考点把握不住要领。实际上，在平时高考复习阶段考生应逐步掌握解决这类考点试题所必须的三个解题技巧。这三个技巧是：
        　　A.善于把握把握文体特征和行文规律(这类短文多为议论文、说明文和新闻报道)。这类文体的短文布局为：呈现→论证→结论/观点;
        　　B.阅读短文时应依据主题句特征及其呈现规律，迅速准确地确定主题句的位置，因为主题句的句意有明显的概括性和目的性。一般来说，主题句的句式结构比较简单，言语表述精炼。主题句的位置多在首段与尾段，关键是遥相呼应。
        　　C.根据主题句的意思确定短文中心词，与此同时再找出一个能概括全文意思的词语或短语。这类题宜采用略读法。
        　　解答这类考点的阅读理解题时必须遵循下列解题步骤要领：首段前三句，尾段后三句，各段主题句的阅读模式。因为最佳标题的构成是有规律的，一般有两种形式：
        　　A)中心词+概括性词语 B)概括性词语+中心词
        　　总而言之，最佳标题的技巧就是：抓中心词和概括篇章大意词语。
        　　3) 作者意图、观点、态度和写作目的一般是通过篇章主旨大意和体裁推断作者意图、作者观点、作者态度和作者写作目的。常用确定方式是：a)着重首尾两段或每段首尾的主题句; b)确定文体看文章结构及作者措辞方式; c)议论文末段是关键，因议论文行文结构是：提出问题/观点→进行论证→得出结论。
        　　注意：
        　　1)议论文的作者意图、作者观点和写作目的一般都隐含在篇章的末段里，故考生要切记在心。
        　　2)阅读时还要关注作者运用的特殊词语、结构或句型,因为作者意图往往就通过其独特的表述手段而呈现，最为关键的是，判定作者意图、态度、观点和写作目的关键在于把握篇章尾段文体格式和措辞的表现手法。
        　　故考生在解答主旨要义考点时，切记：仔细研读短文首尾段落两头各三句，娴熟把握文体特征。

gktwo

        　　【经典题例1】(2011-上海)
        　　The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.
        　　During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre —— not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.
        　　My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.
        　　Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.
        　　Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favorite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho has crossed her path.
        　　66. What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?
        　　A. A book of great fun. B. A writer of high fame.
        　　C. A serious masterpiece. D. A heartbreaking play.
        　　68. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.
        　　A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined
        　　B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential
        　　C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.
        　　D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning
        　　【题例精讲】
        　　66. 最佳答案为A。从这一段的最后一句话“Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.”中的“I had a strong liking for humor”和“never forget the joy of discovering”可以获得必要信息。
        　　68. 最佳答案为B。从短文的最后一段的最后一句“Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho has crossed her path.”可以找到答案。
        　　考点3：逻辑推测解题策略与技巧
        　　?2—题干用语两特点：
        　　语言方式、用词角度
        　　 3—设题形式三大类
        　　句意推断、段落推断和全文推断
        　　4—判断方式四形式
        　　事实结论推断、因果来源推断
        　　对象类别推断、文脉演变推断